Anaerobes Facultative - yintoni na le nto? Imizekelo kanye ngezigaba

Abameli Monera ubukumkani, kwakunye ezinye ntshulube olwaye lwamfimfitha kwakunye nezityalo kunye fungi luphawulwa luhlobo okhethekileyo igcwala le khompawundi organic ibakho xa engekho oxygen lwalusanda okanye yoxinaniso elisezantsi. Eziphilayo kwindawo ioksijini-free - it anaerobes. Facultative kwaye uyawabophelela iintlobo, kwakunye nemizekelo yobomi babo uhlobo ziya kuqwalaselwa yi kuthi kweli nqaku.

Kutheni ufuna umoya

Thina ucacise ukuba siza ukuthetha zangaphakathi, okanye ekuthiwa cellular, nokuphefumla. umsebenzi wayo ophambili kukuba ukuvelisa amandla izinto, ingakumbi iswekile ngokungenisa iseli. Ukuba iinkqubo igcwala ukuthatha inxaxheba ioksijini - eziphilayo kuthiwa aerobic. Ukuba umntu ufumana inxalenye amandla zeendawana phosphorylation ngaphandle ekungeneni ka O ₂ iimolekyuli - izinto eziphilayo, anaerobes.

Eli gama livele Lui Pasterom ngo-1861, ekuqaleni isicelo kuphela iintlobo ezithile prokaryotes ukwenza butyric acid ukubila. Xa eziphilayo mihla phantsi eli gama zonke izinto zidibene, usebenzisa acceptor lokugqibela ayikho ioksijini, kunye nitrate, hydrogen okanye organic. Nokuphefumla chain aerobic, facultative kwaye uyawabophelela anaerobes, esinokucinga ngezantsi, iinkqubo lwenziwe ukutya amandla, ngalo igcwala glucose, amafutha kunye acid ukuba _Co-2, H ₂ O no H. _3. Qaphela ukuba anaerobic ukutya ezingasebenziseki kakuhle kwe-oksijini. Oku kungenxa yokuba ukukhula ukungabikho oxygen kufuna zeendawana ngakumbi, umz iswekile. Amandla ngenxa ukuqhekeka nqwelo ioksijini-free nazo ezincinane. Ngokomzekelo, xa glycolysis - 2 abamenzelayo nganye ATP ukusuka molecule iswekile, kanti oksijini cleavage of kuhlelwe iimolekyuli 36 adenosine triphosphate.

Iintlobo ngeentlobo anaerobes

Kule ulwahlulohlulo mihla iquka iintlobo ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo, ingakumbi iintsholongwane. Umzekelo, anaerobes facultative - luhlobo single- okanye multi-ezineseli of prokaryotes, izityalo okanye nomngundo, apho catabolism akunyanzelekanga ukuba O _2. Kodwa phambi kwakhe cytosol yeseli okanye kokusingqongileyo lwangaphandle ayikho abantu ezibulalayo. Umzekelo, ezi ziquka iintsholongwane Iintsholongwane oluntu: anginal iStreptococcus hemolytic staphylococcus. Ba anaerobes facultative, kunye neendidi ezithile iintsholongwane, abampilo luncedo ebantwini. Ngoko ke, i iStreptococcus thermophilic nangokunamathela lactose ku C ₃ H ₆ Owu _3, isetyenziswa ukuvelisa iimveliso inegwele ngobisi: cream, amasi, nezonka zamasi ezithambileyo. Xa amayeza, oko buyafuneka ekuvelisweni probiotics ezisetyenziselwa ekuthinteleni urhudo kunye enterocolitis of umyalezo ezahlukeneyo. Ukuqhubeka kunye ukuhlelwa anaerobes, qaphela makroaerofilov abahlala kwindawo apho uyazikhomba O ₂ ayidluli 0.5-1%.

Phakathi kwabo, iintlobo ezininzi yabantu yayintsholongwane eyosulela, ezifana streptococci, pharyngitis ebangela, kunye nezifo Lyme. Ezinye iintlobo aerobes facultative bahlala phecana zesisu zabantu, ebangela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo gastritis kunye nesisu izilonda. I-arhente causative sezifo ngasentla yaziwa kakuhle Helicobacter. Inani elikhulu makroaerofilov enxulumene anaerobes facultative, ifuna ukuba ukutya isiqulatho zabo eziphakamileyo carbon dioxide. Ezi zibizwa ngokuba prokaryotes capnophile.

chain zemigudu anaerobes facultative

Siyaqhubeka ukufunda iimpawu eli qela iintsholongwane ukutya. Phantsi kweemeko laboratory, siye safumanisa ukuba yoconjululwa kwesesikweni isisombululo kwezinto eziphilayo eziqulathe ezahlukeneyo inani ubunzima kwe-oksijini. Ezi anaerobes baziqwebele kufuphi ezantsi ityhubhu, apho uyondelelwano lwee- O ₂ esezantsi. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba anaerobes facultative - intsholongwane apho iingedosi ezincinane ioksijini musani kuba nempembelelo enkulu kuyingozi. Ngaphambili ke kukhankanywe ukuba amanye amaqela iintsholongwane, umzekelo, denitrifying, lo acceptor yokugcina nitrate - initrogen, igcwala yexesha elidlulileyo.

I-chain yokuphefumla anaerobes facultative kwi reactions zokuphosa ababandakanyekayo enzyme nitrate reductase, enika ukuthuthwa electron ye ion _NO-3 ^-. Ezi bacterium prokaryotes le kwisizukulwana Micrococcus, Pseudomonas. Zihlala amachibi kunye omanzi. Le ntsholongwane zisebenzisa iityuwa oxygen acid nayitreyithi njengento acceptor electron, bephethe ebizwa ngokuba "nokuphefumla Nitrate".

Indima ye-enzyme catabolism iintsholongwane

Nethe ezincinane umsebenzi obalulekileyo nkqubo zokuphosa ikhutshwa phandle, cytochromes enikiweyo, catalase, enzayim flavin, peroxidase. Ngenxa yoko, flavoproteins zidlala ilungu indima yokudibanisa i zeendawana kunye mpilo, nto leyo ke bancipha hydrogen peroxide. Ngenxa yokuba anaerobes facultative - ezi Cya yokucolwa leyo eyenzeka zombini phambi O _2, kwaye kwindawo ioksijini-free, ezi ntlobo zimbini ze prokaryotes zingahlukaniswa. Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi.

Types of iintsholongwane facultative

Aerobes, anaerobes, anaerobes facultative, microaerophiles - luluhlu olude olupheleleyo prokaryotes, kwitsheyini sokuphefumla leyo ngokungaphelelanga okanye baxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo phambi isisombululo sokudla mpilo. Umzekelo, allerotolerantnye oxidizing iintsholongwane lactose, ukuphuhlisa phambi O ₂ kodwa besebenzisa oko kwikhonkco sokuphefumla. Bona nokulungelelanisa amandla ngayo ibile. Ezinye anaerobes ungayikhetha, umz, iiseli igwele, kuxhomekeke umchiza ukwakhiwa le zeendawana abakwaziyo Kwathi ukusuka kwinkqubo ibile for oksijini uphefumlayo.

Cytochromes kunye nokubaluleka kwazo ukutya

iiproteni Complex - proteid obandakanya heme (yentsimbi-aqulethe iqela zokufakelwa) - i cytochromes. Xa inxaxheba internal zeselula ntsholongwane kunye igwele, zombini abalizi kwakunye acceptors electron. Iron ingaphezulu iqela zokufakelwa reversibly ukutshintsha imeko yayo igcwala ukususela-phinde ngo 2 ukuya +3. Oku kukuvumela ukuba ukuthutha electron ukusuka dehydrogenase cytochrome ukuya acetaldehyde okanye pyruvic acid. aerobes Facultative, anaerobes kunye microaerophiles acceptors electron ungaboniswa yi molecule carbon dioxide, ion hydrogen, acid.

Meaning prokaryotes, anaerobes kumjikelo lomba endalweni

Kuyinto imijikelo akunakucingelwa organogenic iimpawu eziphambili, umz, nitrogen esivulekayo umhlaba onokuphila, ngaphandle inxaxheba ezincinane. Ekubeni anaerobes facultative - ikakhulu denitrifying iibhaktheriya, ayakwazi ukuba zokunciphisa enyibilikayo iityuwa acid nitric emhlabeni okanye N ₂ O ukuya nitrogen free. Denitrification kwenzeka kakhulu inxaxheba kwimihlaba equlethe imali engaphezulu ngamanzi isichumiso nitrogen. Ngenxa ngayo lwemichiza iimolekyuli nitrogen free waphinda wabuyela umoya ngokuvala yomjikelo utshintshwano yaso ngokwemvelo.

Probiotics kunye nezineziphumo eziyintshabalalo ngenxa yabantu

Of iintlobo ezingaphezu kwama-500 iintsholongwane ukuba ahlale iphecana zesisu yabantu, indawo ebalulekileyo kuhlala anaerobes facultative. Kuyinto abameli wokuqala abalaseleyo kwisizukulwana ezingezoze, iStreptococcus, Candida. Eli nani likhulu kubo ibekwe emathunjini enkulu. Ngayo iintsholongwane ilawula motility (intshukumo of iingqimba ukutya) nokulungelelanisa iivithamini B no-C Kwakhona inxaxheba kuphuhliso iiproteni zokuzikhusela - immunoglobulin, kunye nabo ke, ukunika imixholo bactericidal emathunjini. Izifundo Medical aye abonisa ukuba okukule iintsholongwane kwi ikholoni yabantu kunciphisa kakhulu emva izifo ezosulelayo ngenxa yeenkqubo ukudumba kwaye emva konyango isibulala-zintsholongwane.

Ukubuyisela microflora kwisiqwenga zesisu usebenzisa iziyobisi - probiotics. Bona ziqulathe anaerobes facultative luncedo - bifidobacteria kunye lactobacilli. Kanye colon yabantu, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza yayo yesiqhelo nokunciphisa iimpembelelo ezingalunganga le ngasentla. Le probiotics ezininzi eziqhele ukusetyenziswa likwazi Gastroenterology - i "Hilak Forte", "Linex", "Laktovit".