Abahamba ngokugqithiseleyo abahambayo kunye nokufumanisa kwabo

Uhambo luhlala lukhangele abantu, kodwa ngaphambi kokuba bangabonakali nje kuphela, kodwa kunzima kakhulu. Iindawo azizange zifundwe, kwaye, xa uqala endleleni, omnye waba ngumhloli wamazwe. Ziziphi iindwendwe ezidumileyo kwaye yiyiphi na enye yazo ifunyenwe?

James Cook

Umntu oyiNgesi owaziwayo wayengomnye wabantu ababalaseleyo beemifanekiso zecala leshumi elinesibhozo. Wazalelwa enyakatho yeNgilani kwaye sele sele i-iminyaka elishumi elinesithathu yaqala ukusebenza kunye noyise. Kodwa le nkwenkwe yayingakwazi ukuthengisa, ngoko ndagqiba ekubeni ndihambe ngorwandle. Ngaloo mihla, bonke abadumileyo abahamba ngehlabathi baya kwiindawo ezikude ngeenqanawa. UJames wathatyathwa yoshishino lolwandle kwaye ngokukhawuleza waqhubekela phambili kwinqanaba lomsebenzi awanikezwa ukuba abe ngumphathi. Wavuma waza waya eRoyal Navy. Kakade ngo-1757 uPeteni onetalente waqala ukulawula iinqanawa ngokwakhe. Ukuphumelela kwakhe kokuqala kwakuyilo lwakhiwo lomfula waseSt. Lawrence. Wafumanisa italente yomqhubi wendlela kunye nomdwebi webala. Kwiminyaka eyi-1760 wafunda i-Newfoundland, eyayityelela ingqalelo yeRoyal Society kunye ne-Admiralty. Wayephathiswe ukuhamba ngaphesheya kweLwandle lwasePacific, apho wafika khona kumanxweme eNew Zealand. Ngomnyaka we-1770, wafezekisa ukuba yintoni abanye abahambahambayo abaziwayo ngaphambili-wavula izwekazi elitsha. ENgilandi ngo-1771, uPike waphindela kubuvulindlela odumileyo wase-Australia. Uhambo lwakhe lokugqibela lwaluhamba ngumoya ekukhangela ivesi edibanisa i-Atlantic nePacific yolwandle. Nanamhlanje abantwana basesikolweni bayazi iimeko ezibuhlungu zokupheka kuka-Cook, abaza kubulawa abantu basekhaya.

UChristopher Columbus

Abahambi abadumileyo kunye nokufumanisa kwabo baye bahlala benempembelelo enkulu kwimbali, kodwa bambalwa kakhulu abantu babedume kakhulu njengalowo mntu. UColumbus waba iqhawe lesizwe laseSpain, ngokunyanisekileyo ukwandisa imephu yelizwe. UChristopher wazalwa ngo-1451. Le nkwenkwe yakhawuleza iphumelele, kuba yayikhuthele kwaye ifunde kakuhle. Xa eneminyaka eyi-14 waya kolwandle. Ngo-1479, wadibana nothando lwakhe waza waqala ubomi ePortugal, kodwa emva kokufa kwakhe komfazi waya eSpain. Emva kokufumana inkxaso yekosi yaseSpeyin, wahamba ngendwendwe, injongo yalo yayikufumana indlela eya e-Asiya. Iinqanawa ezithathu zahamba ngomda waseSpeyin ukuya entshona. Ngo-Oktobha 1492, bafikelela eBahamas. Ngoko iMelika yafunyanwa. Abahlali beNgingqi uChristopher ngokugqwetha banquma ukubiza amaNdiya, becinga ukuba uye wafika eIndiya. Ingxelo yakhe yatshintshe ibali: amazwekazi amabini amasha kunye neziqithi ezininzi ezifunyenwe nguColumbus zaba yindawo ehamba phambili ekuhambeni kweenkoloniyali kwiinkulungwane ezimbalwa ezizayo.

Vasco da Gama

Umhambi ogqwesileyo kakhulu wasePortugal wazalwa eSines. Umhla wokuzalwa kwakhe awukwazi. Ukususela esemncinci wayesebenza kwi-navy waza waba udumo njengomphathi othembekileyo kunye noyiko. Ngo-1495, uKumkani uMelel waba negunya ePortugal, owayephupha ukuphuhlisa ishishini kunye neIndiya. Kule ndlela, kwakufuneka ukuba ulandele ulwandle, ukukhangela apho uVasco da Gama wayeya khona. Kwakukho abantu abaninzi abadumileyo basolwandle kunye nabahambi kweli lizwe, kodwa ukumkani wayekhethile. Ngowe-1497, iinqanawa ezine zaye zaya ngasezantsi, zajikeleza iCape of Good Hope zaza zafika eMozambique. Kukho bekuyimfuneko ukuyeka isithuba seenyanga-qela leqela lalinomdla welo xesha. Emva kwekhefu, uVasco da Gama waya eKalcutta. E-Indiya, wasungula oonxibelelwano bezorhwebo kwiinyanga ezintathu, kwaye emva konyaka wabuyela ePortugal, apho waba khona iqhawe likazwelonke. Ukufumanisa indlela yokuhamba kolwandle, okwenza ukuba ukwazi ukufikelela eCalcutta, eyadlulela ulwandle olusempuma ye-Afrika, yinto eyona mpu melelo.

Nikolay Miklukho-Maclay

Abahambi beRussia abaziwayo benza izinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, uNikolai Michlukho-Maclay ofanayo, owazalwa ngowe-1864 kwiphondo laseNovogorod. Akakwazanga ukuphumelela kwiYunivesithi yaseSt. Petersburg, kuba wayexoshwe ngenxa yokuthatha inxaxheba kwimiboniso yabafundi. Ukuqhubeka kwemfundo, uNicholas waya eJamani, apho wadibana khona noHaeckel - yendalo yemvelo eyamema uMiklouho-Maclay kwindwendwe yakhe yesayensi. Ngoko kuye kwavulwa ihlabathi lokuguqulwa. Ubomi bakhe bonke bazinikele ekuhambeni nasekusebenzeni kwenzululwazi. U-Nikolai wayehlala eSicily, eAustralia, wafunda iNew Guinea, ehlanganisa iprojekthi yeRussia Geographical Society, watyelela i-Indonesia, iPhilippines, i-peninsula yaseMalacca nase-Oceania. Ngowe-1886, umntu wendalo wabuyela eRashiya waza wamema umbusi ukuba amise ikoloni yaseRashiya phesheya kwezilwandle. Kodwa le projekthi ngeNew Guinea yayingamkeli inkxaso kaTsar, kwaye uMiklouho-Maclay wagula kakhulu kwaye wafa kungekudala, ngaphandle kokugqiba umsebenzi wakhe kwincwadi ngokuhamba.

UFernand Magellan

Abaninzi abadumileyo beefama kunye nabahambi bahlala kwixesha leNgcaciso yeGreat Geographical Discoveries. Magellan akafani. Ngo-1480 wazalwa ePortugal, kwisixeko saseSabrosa. Ukuya kukhonza kwinkundla (ngelo xesha wayeneminyaka engama-12 kuphela ubudala), wafunda malunga nokulwa phakathi kwelizwe lakhe kunye neSpain, ukuya e-East Indies kunye neendlela zokurhweba. Ngoko okokuqala waba nomdla olwandle. Ngo-1505, uFernand wangena emkhombeni. Kwiminyaka eyisixhenxe kamva, walima ulwandle, wathatha iindwendwe kwiIndiya nase-Afrika. Ngomnyaka we-1513, uMagellan waya eMorocco, apho wahlaselwa khona emfazweni. Kodwa oku akuzange kubangele ukuthanda ukuhamba-waceba uhambo lwezinto ezivumba. U kumkani wayenqaba isicelo sakhe, yaye uMagellan waya eSpanish, apho wafumana yonke inkxaso eyimfuneko. Ngoko waqala uhambo lwakhe lwehlabathi. UFernand wacinga ukuba ukususela entshonalanga indlela eya eNdiya yayiba mfutshane. Wawela i-Atlantic Ocean, wafika eMzantsi Melika waza wavula ingxaki, eya kuthiwa yigama lakhe. UFernand Magellan waba ngowokuqala waseYurophu ukubona iPacific. Ngaloo nto, wafika ePhilippines waza wade wafikelela kwinjongo - i-Moluccas, kodwa wafa ekulweni kunye nezizwe zendawo, walimala ngesichotho esinetyhefu. Nangona kunjalo, uhambo lwakhe lwavula ulwandle olutsha eYurophu kunye nokuqonda ukuba iplanethi ingaphezulu kunokuba izazinzulu zazicinga ngaphambili.

URoald Amundsen

IsiNorway sazalwa ekupheleni kwexesha apho abaninzi abahamba ngeendwendwe abadumileyo beba nodumo. U-Amundsen waba ngowokugqibela wabanxweme ukuzama ukufumana amazwe angabonakaliyo. Ukususela ebuntwaneni, wayevelele ngokunyamezela nangokholo ngamandla akhe, okwamnceda ukuba anqobe iSouth Geographic Pole. Ukuqala komendo kudibaniswe no-1893, xa inkwenkwe iphosa iyunivesithi kwaye ifumana umsebenzi njengomkhumbi. Ngomnyaka we-1896, waba ngumqhubi wendlela, kwaye unyaka olandelayo waya kwinqwelo yokuqala e-Antarctic. Le nqanawa yalahleka kwiqhwa, iqela lahlulwa, kodwa u-Amundsen akazange alahle. Wathatha umyalelo wakhe, waphilisa abantu, wakhumbula imfundo yakhe yezokwelapha, waza wabuyela eYurophu. Ukuba ngumthetheli, ngowe-1903 waya kukhangela i-Northwest Passage esuka eChanada. Abahambi abaziwayo phambi kwakhe abazange benze into enjengaleyo - kwiminyaka emibili iqela liye layisa umendo ukusuka empuma yelizwe laseMerika ukuya entshona. U-Amundsen waziwa kwihlabathi lonke. Uhambo olulandelayo lwalukho uhambo lweenyanga ezimbini ukuya kwi-South kunye, kwaye lokugqibela kwakufunwa nguNobile, ngeli xesha walala khona ngaphandle kokulandelwa.

David Livingston

Abahambi abaninzi abadumileyo banxulumene nokuhamba. UDavid Livingstone naye waba ngumphandi womhlaba, oko kukuthi, izwekazi laseAfrika. I-Scotsman eyaziwayo yazalwa ngo-Matshi 1813. Xa wayeneminyaka engama-20, wagqiba ekubeni ngumthunywa wevangeli, wadibana noRobert Moffet kwaye wayefuna ukuya kwiidolophana zase-Afrika. Ngo-1841, wafika eKuruman, apho wafundisa abantu basekuhlaleni ukulima, wayekhonza njengogqirha kwaye wafundisa ukufunda nokubhala. Endaweni enye, wafunda ulwimi lwaseBhuhuan, eyamnceda ekuhambeni kwakhe ukuya e-Afrika. U-Livingston wafunda ngokucacileyo ubomi kunye namasiko abantu basekuhlaleni, wabhala iincwadi ezininzi ngabo kwaye wahamba uhambo lokufumana imithombo yoMlambo, apho wagula waza wafa ngumkhuhlane.

Amerigo Vespucci

Abahamba ngokugqithiseleyo abahamba ngehlabathi bahlala bevela eSpain okanye ePortugal. U-Amerigo Vespucci wazalelwa eItali waza waba ngumnye wamaFlorentines awaziwayo. Wafumana imfundo efanelekileyo kwaye wafunda ukuba ngumntu onemali. Ukususela ngo-1490 wasebenza eSeville, kwiofisi yokurhweba yaseMediici. Ubomi bakhe babunxulumene nohambo lwamanxweme, umzekelo, waxhasa inkxaso yesihlandlo yesibili sikaColumbus. UChristopher wamphefumlela ngombono wokuzizama njengomhambi, kwaye sele sele ngo-1499 iVespucci iya eSuriname. Injongo yolu hambo yayikufundisisa ulwandle. Kulapho wavula indawo yokuhlala, ebizwa ngeVenezuela - iVenice encinci. Ngowe-1500, wabuya ekhaya, wazisa amabutho angama-200. Kwiminyaka ye-1501 no-1503, U-Amerigo waphinda uhambo lwakhe, engathethi nje ngokuba ngumgibeli wendlela, kodwa naye nje ngokuba ngumdwebi. Wafumanisa i-bay de Rio de Janeiro, ogama lakhe lazinikela lona. Ukususela ngo-1505, wakhonza ukumkani waseCastile kwaye akazange athathe inxaxheba kumaphulo, kuphela ukuxhobisa iindwendwe zangaphandle.

Francis Drake

Abahambi abaninzi abadumile kunye nokufumana kwabo bazuze abantu. Kodwa kukho abathile phakathi kwabo abashiya imemori emibi ngokwabo, kuba amagama abo adibene neemeko ezinobundlobongela. Ngaphandle kukaFrancis Drake, umProtestanti waseNgesi owayesentlantle ekhunjini ukusuka eneminyaka elishumi elinambini. Wabamba abahlali baseCaribbean, abazithengisa ebukhosini baseSpeyin, bahlasele iinqanawa baza balwa namaKatolika. Mhlawumbi akukho mntu unokuthelekisa noDrake ngenani leenqanawa zangaphandle. Iiprojekthi zakhe zaxhaswa ngu-Queen of England. Ngomnyaka we-1577 waya eNingizimu Melika ukuba anqobe ukuhlala kwiSpeyin. Ngethuba lohambo, wafumana iTerra del Fuego kunye ne-strait, eyayibizwa ngokuba yimbeko. Xa ejikeleze iArgentina, uDrake waphanga ichweba laseValparaiso kunye neenqanawa ezimbini zaseSpain. Emva kokuba afinyelele eCalifornia, wadibana nabantu base-Aboriginal abanikela iziBritani izipho kwiitya kunye neentaka zeentaka. UDrake wadlula uLwandle lwaseNdiya waza wabuyela ePlymouth, waba nguBrithani wokuqala ukuhamba ngehlabathi. Wamukelwa kwiNdlu yeeNgingqi waza wanikwa isihloko sikaSir. Ngomnyaka we-1595 wafa kwikampu yokugqibela elwa neCaribbean.

Afanasy Nikitin

Abambalwa abadumileyo baseRashiya baye bafikelela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo njengolu lwamazwe aseTver. U-Afanasy Nikitin waba nguYurophu wokuqala ukuya eNdiya. Wayeya kumaKolontiya asePutukezi waza wabhala "Uhambo lweeLwandle eziThathu" - isikhumbuzo esibhaliweyo nesiganeko. Impumelelo yolu hambo yayiqinisekiswa ngumsebenzi womthengisi: uAthanasius wayazi iilwimi eziliqela kwaye wakwazi ukuthetha nabantu. Ekuhambeni kwakhe, waya eBaku, wahlala ePersia malunga nemibini emibini waza waya eIndiya kwinqanawa. Ukutyelela iidolophu eziliqela kwilizwe elingaqhelekanga, waya eParvat, apho wahlala khona iminyaka nesiqingatha. Emva kwiphondo laseRaichur, waya eRashiya, ebeka umzila ngeenqabeni zaseArabia naseSomalia. Nangona kunjalo, u-Afanasy Nikitin akazange afike ekhaya, ngenxa yokuba wagula waza wafa kufuphi noSomolensk, kodwa amanqaku akhe agcinwe kwaye anikezela udumo lomhlaba weentengiso.