11 oopopu impikiswano kunawo kwimbali

Kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, yamaKatolika iCawa sikhetha iinkokheli zibhetele lifanelwe, eyenzelwe ukuba akhokele umhlambi elingenisa. Noko ke, phakathi oopopu 266 babengengabo imizekelo ukholo nentobeko. Abanye babo wamkhumbula ubugwenxa ngenkohlakalo, enyundululu ezothusayo kunye namashishini amnyama zemali mthethweni.

Pope Stephen VI

Le abangooBhishophu wayalela ukuba agrumbe umzimba komanduleli wakhe Formosa kunye nokuziphatha okhohlakeleyo ityala lakhe. umzimba uphapha edlulileyo, kwaye utshaba kukaStefano VI wayenxibe iimpahla kweqiwa kwaye etyalwe kwisihlalo ummangalelwa. Kwesidumbu ukubuza imibuzo yena wathi abangooBhishophu yangoku. Ekupheleni umzimba wenkundla Formosa wagwetyelwa isohlwayo esiqatha. Ke wonqanyulwa, ungabikho Iminwe emithathu esandleni ngayo wabasikelela othembekileyo, uze emva koko usike umzimba zaba ngamaqhekezana, uphoswe iTiber. Isenzo esinjalo wayengekho ukuya ngokuthanda lamaRoma, kunye namalungu amaninzi zeCawa, kwaye Pope Stephen VI wathunyelwa entolongweni, apho wakrwitshwa. umzimba niya kuxhaxhwa, Formosa ukubanjwa angcwatywa engcwabeni loopopu.

John XII

Le upopu ithathwa upopu okubi kunazo kuphela ixesha, kodwa kwimbali Catholic Church. Ezihlangwini zikayise kapopu xa ndandineminyaka engama-18, uYohane wajika ibhotwe yakhe yamahenyukazi, kwaye wadlala phezu neminikelo abathembekileyo. Nokuba njengehlakani uPopu Otto I kwincoko lobuqu John XII, otyholwa ngokubulala, lokuxoka phantsi kwesifungo, ukunyelisa kunye umbulo kunye noodadewabo. Ngokutsho kwezinye iingxelo, uJohn XII wafela ezandleni kumyeni wayo, kuye umfazi wakhe itshintshile kunye abangooBhishophu. Ukuganga kubo ebhedini, umyeni ngumsindo beat uyise. Ngenxa nonile abangooBhishophu wafa kwiintsuku ezintathu kamva.

Pope Benedict IX

Le upopu enyukele kathathu etroneni. Okokuqala ngqa, ngokutsho impixano, ukuba wayeneminyaka eli-12 ukuya kuma-20. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, wayengomnye soopopu mncinane kunye kakhulu edume kwimbali kwebandla. mbali German, wathi Benedict njenge idemon esihogweni, lowo wenyuka kwetrone ngokohlobo ngumfundisi weCawa yamaKatolika. Yena otyholwa ngokubulala, ubusela nokukrexeza. Ngokutsho-mbali ongumRoma, kwibhotwe kapopu, Benedict IX wayehlala ngathi sultan oriental, engqongwe ubutyebi kunye namaqadi.

Boniface VIII

Le uphapha, ngoxa abathi kuba yeyona enesono, kunjalo, yaye akukho imodeli lokuthobela kunye nokholo. Emva kokuba anyukele etroneni, wamisela ezikhumbuzo kuye lonke eRoma isaziso ukuba neentlobano zesini kunye namakhwenkwe obudala kungekho yesono ngaphezu ngokukhuhla ezintendeni.

Ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe, yamsusa wonke umzi ngenxa yokungafani zezopolitiko wazuza ngokwakhe utshaba kwezidumbu enkulu wabe Alighieri. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba Boniface ukho kwisangqa wesibhozo esihogweni emsebenzini wabe esithi, "The Divine Comedy."

Sixtus IV

Le abangooBhishophu watyholwa ukuxhatshazwa kwabantwana kunye sodomy, ngokunjalo into yokuba omnye abatshana bakhe imveliso phakathi kwezihlobo phakathi Sixtus kunye nodadewabo omncinci. Kodwa kunzima ukulandelela bayaphika ezi zityholo ngenxa yokuba lo abangooBhishophu waba iintshaba ezininzi ezinamandla. Yintoni Sixtus IV Ngokuqinisekileyo imangalelwe ke yilento. Phantse zonke abatshana bakhe baba Iikhadinali, yaye omnye kubo baba Pope. Ukongeza yamanyala elibi kwimbali yeCawa, Sixtus waba umxhasi kwakunjalo ubugcisa, inzululwazi bokwakha. Wayalela ukwakhiwa odumileyo Sistine Chapel, wayibuyisela iicawa ezininzi wonakaliswa eRoma.

Innocent VIII

Innocent yenyuka phantsi kukhuselo ishishini Rover usapho, ebeyinalo eyandulela wakhe etroneni loopopu. Le abangooBhishophu kuphela, ukubona abantwana babo ongumgqakhwe, leyo esibhozo. Ukongeza, Innocent waya malunga Genriha Kramera, umbhali edume "Hammer of Amagqwirha", yaye yakhupha yenkomo ubiza ukuze baphindezele amagqwirha lokunxibelelana ziidemon, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni iinkqubo odumileyo ukuncinwa ejoliswe kwabasetyhini kulo lonke elaseYurophu.

Alexander VI

Xa ziye ka-Alexander vo 7 kuphela, yaye wahlabela mgama zokunyoba, phantse bathenga itrone abanye abaviwa. Rodrigo Borgia ehlabathini, waba uphapha ngo-1492. wobukumkani bakhe waphawulwa ngenxa ombulo, iindywala, yaye isixa esikhulu semali. Emva kokuba ngokubulala unyana wakhe oyintanda abangooBhishophu ehlaziyiweyo iimbono zakhe ukuziphatha okubi yaye ezolile, kodwa akazange abe ngaphantsi nobundlobongela. On imiyalelo yakhe, yena waxhonywa adumileyo kunye ethandwa Girolamo Savonarola, etyhola Alexander kunye nabanye abazali in ngamanyala. Emva Alexander ayikwazanga singawanyobi yimonki, wayalelwa ukuba athathe kwaye ukugqiba Savonarola, waza wagwetyelwa elubala. Eli nyathelo lisondele kakhulu uHlaziyo.

Julius II

Julius II udla ngokubizwa ngokuba uyise kakhulu zizwe. Wayeyindoda enamandla, ugonyamelo kunye esebenzayo kakhulu, yena inxaxheba kumaphulo yasemkhosini eItali, kwaye phambili. ulawulo lakhe kukhokelele ekwandeni States Kwenziwa kwaye ukuwa yaseVenice. Uninzi kaJulius II yaziwa imisebenzi yakhe philantrophic, ngaphezu kwanabo kayisekazi Sixtus. Kodwa uYuliyo wabulawa iingxaki ezivela negcushuwa, leyo kwimvumelwano ngenxa nabo kunye nabameli msebenzi indala. Ekupheleni ubomi bakhe stupas bakhe abangooBhishophu zagutyungelwa phantse ngokupheleleyo izilonda, ukuze ngamakholwa kuqubuda phambi kwabo, wamanga kubo.

Leo X

Leo X yosapho Medici naswona a a umxhasi babizwe ezobugcisa kunye imali amanene. Ngaphezu koko, uye uchithe ubuncwane yonke ngasekhohlo uJulius II, iindleko zakhe ngaphezulu kakhulu ingeniso kwakuphethe. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe indlela yokuphila eqaqambileyo, lo abangooBhishophu ndaqalisa ukuthengisa kwezono kunye iimpawu izikhundla. Esi simo sengqondo isono kunye noxolelo ikhokelela uqhushululu kwi inxalenye abefundisi kunye nokuba abantu beNkosi. Nehlazo apho amalahle waqola izicwangciso omzabalazo ngokutsha.

Paul IV

UPawulos wenyuka itrone kwi lupheleyo, kodwa kwiminyaka emine wobukumkani bakhe, wenza lobuzwilakhe ingundoqo nokwandisa impembelelo Kwamacala. Eyona nto yoyikekayo sakhe - ukuthumela onke amaYuda kwi ghettos kunye nokuthotywa awatyhubela kuyo phantsi ngoxa abahlala apho. Ngokomyalelo abangooBhishophu zatshatyalaliswa kunye zesikhungu kokuziqhelanisa eRoma. Paul IV waba njalo kuthiywa ngabantu ukuba emva kokufa kwakhe abemi baseRoma wayitshabalalisa yonke imifanekiso eqingqiweyo zakhe nemifanekiso.

Urban VIII

IBhodi Ulawulo abangooBhishophu ephawulwe kwetyala ngokukrakra UGalileo. Olungumbandezeli Pope Urban akazange aqonde nzulu izame ukwandisa umsebenzi wakhe elungiselelwe inkqubo heliocentric zehlabathi, yaye buqu wayekwangusihlalo enkundleni. Wacela UGalileo ukuba arhoxe esidlangalaleni amazwi akhe okanye ume phezu komlilo, njengoko UGIORDANO Bruno. UGalileo wakhetha ukusindisa ubomi, kwaye ibandla ucele uxolo ukuba isimo sengqondo esinjalo kuphela emva kweenkulungwane eziliqela.