Banks ngokucwangcisekileyo ebalulekileyo: kuluhlu. iibhanki ngokucwangcisekileyo ebaluleke Russia

Banks njenge uhlobo imibutho zorhwebo, kwelinye icala, kudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kuqoqosho, kunye kwelinye - kwimeko iimpawu lweentsingiselo crisis - banokuchaphazeleka ngaphezu kwabanye ngenxa imiba echaphazelekayo ezimbi. Ngenxa yoko, ukuze abe, nayo, i umthwalo kuqoqosho sikazwelonke ephumayo ukusuka ntlekele. Kodwa ke amandla kukarhulumente - ukunqanda oko. Ngenxa yoko, i-Central Bank of the Russian Federation bagqiba ukwenza uluhlu amaziko zemali kakhulu oluzinzileyo yebhanki, kunalo naliphi na ekhuselweyo kwimiphumo iingxaki, kwaye ngoko ngeke nje kuba ngumthwalo lwabiwo-mali, kodwa ukukhuthaza imveliso loqoqosho lwesizwe imeko enzima apho kube ngoku . Zeziphi amaziko zemali ziqukiwe kolu luhlu?

Undoqo kweebhanki amazwe abalulekileyo

iibhanki ngokucwangcisekileyo kubalulekile eRashiya - yintoni na le sakhiwo? Eli gama libhekisela amaziko amakhulu yamatyala, ngenxa yokuthobela kunye nabo okanye neminye imiqathango, luphawulwa njengabaluleke gqitha noqoqosho karhulumente. Iimpawu anjalo angaquka ixabiso zophuculo ibhanki yakhe, iqondo ubukho kule mimandla, kwakunye amanani ezingundoqo kwi imeko jikelele yemali isakhiwo.

Nangona kunjalo, indlela ezisemthethweni, kwinqanaba nemimiselo, esixhomekeke kwi Russian Federation. Ngoko ke, uluhlu ethile yeebhanki ngokucwangcisekileyo ezibalulekileyo - njengokuba, umzekelo, epapashwe ngoJulayi 2015 i-Central Bank of the Russian Federation, izenze ngokwesiseko iindlela zangaphakathi iingqikelelo komlawuli. Izintlu amaziko afanelekileyo kunokuba yinto, umzekelo, ii-arhente analytical - ezifana "RIA Rating".

izinto zikarhulumente

Noko ke, kukho ubungqina bokuba iikhrayitheriya ukubandakanywa neebhanki ngokucwangcisekileyo ezibalulekileyo elizayo zinokudityaniswa kwinqanaba mthetho. Le mba, njengoko abahlalutyi uqaphele, sandivusela kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo nokudibana kwimarike yemali Russian Federation. iibhanki Russian ukuba ukuze sibenokubizwa njengendawo ngokucwangcisekileyo ebalulekileyo - xa sithetha izintlu epapashwe yi-Central Bank ukuxhamla kule nkxaso karhulumente xa kuthe kwakho iingxaki - umzekelo, ukuba kuvandlakanywa kunye iingxaki zokuswela amandla. Ngenxa yoko, abasemagunyeni babe nomdla ukugcina uzinzo ngetyala kunye namaziko zemali ngenxa yokuba, yena, igalelo ekuqinisekiseni uzinzo kuqoqosho ngokubanzi.

Wazisa isilawuli

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba ngo-2013 i-Central Bank iye yapapasha uxwebhu umdla - ekubaluleni iprojekthi apho iikhrayitheriya ukuhlelwa iibhanki ibikwe kubaluleke ngokucwangcisekileyo. Lo mthombo lowu kuluhlu yeebhanki ngokucwangcisekileyo ebalulekileyo Russia ukuba uqwalasele zisekelwe kwixabiso-asethi zamaziko, isabelo iidiphozithi, kwakunye ixabiso mali abandakanyeka kwezinye amaziko zemali. izindululo ezifanelekileyo zisekelwe iinqobo ze-Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, kwakunye neengcali iingcebiso amazwe. Kulo mzekelo, intsebenzo yezemali Central Bank kufuneka ingenakulinganiswa, ngokunxulumene nezibonelelo uyilo, ngokusekelwe yokusebenza yeziko kwiminyaka emi-3.

Siyazi kananjalo nokuba ngoJanuwari 2014 i-Central Bank wakhupha isikhokelo ngokususela amalungiselelo apho bekumele ukuba ukuchaza uluhlu iibhanki ngokucwangcisekileyo ebalulekileyo. 2014, njengokuba iphakamiswe kwezinye iingcali, yayigqalwa kule inkalo yovavanyo lwentsebenzo - ngoko kuye uluhlu achaphazelekayo alipapashwanga. Noko ke, kukho imbono eyahlukileyo. Ezinye iingcali ziye zacebisa ukuba nyaka apho Central Bank iya kupapasha uluhlu lokuqala yeebhanki ngokucwangcisekileyo ebalulekileyo 2014 ngandlel 'kuya kuba ngenxa iintsingiselo ntlekele kunye nemfuneko ukuchaza uluhlu lwemibutho iyizinzise ngetyala. Nangona kunjalo, i-Central Bank iye kwasekwa uluhlu ahambelana amaziko zemali kuphela ngoJulayi 2015.

iibhanki ngokucwangcisekileyo ebalulekileyo ngokwe CBR

Cinga, ngoko ke, yintoni ngoku Central Bank yabela ngokucwangcisekileyo iibhanki ebalulekileyo. Olu luhlu luquka i-Russian ezinkulu-10 amaziko yebhanki mali.

ezizezi:

- Sberbank - ibhanki likhulu Russian Federation;

- VTB - yesibini ngobukhulu asethi yebhanki ye-Russian Federation;

- Bank Agricultural;

- Raiffeisen Bank;

- UniCredit;

- Gazprombank;

- FK "Ukuvulwa";

- Rosbank;

- PSB;

- Alfa Bank.

Njengoko iingcali ziqikelela le luhlu? umhlaziyi Market bakholelwa ukuba Central Bank thaca kwaye iquka uluhlu beebhanki ngokucwangcisekileyo kubalulekile, bebambisene bonke, kusengqiqweni. Iingcali ezininzi, umgaqo, phambi kokuba umlawuli wenze le uluhlu, wacebisa ukuba la maziko ngetyala kwaye zemali uya kungena kuyo. Nangona, xa kuphela ngenxa yokuba kula maziko - inkulu eRashiya ngokwemigaqo-asethi. Bandisa ezingama-60% ye-capital logcino Russian.

Iikhrayitheriya evela Central Bank

Ukuba Central Bank kulindeleke kwixa elizayo ukupapasha iikhrayitheriya ngokusekelwe ethe yaphawulwa iibhanki ngokucwangcisekileyo ebalulekileyo, uluhlu esifunde ngazo apha ngentla. Oku, ingakumbi, yathi abameli umlawuli kwi-ndlebe eendaba. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba ezinye iindlela ezifumanekayo kuluntu kanye ngoku - xa uhlolisisa ulwazi kukhupho press of the CBR. Ngoko ke, omnye wabo wathi Oktobha 1, 2015 ekugqibeni iibhanki ngokucwangcisekileyo ibalulekileyo iza kuqwalaselwa sisalathisi yexabiso amatyala zexesha elifutshane. Iimfuno ixabiso layo ziza kwanda. Kuya ekuqaleni athathe ireyithi ye-60%, kodwa ngo-2019 kuya kufuneka ukuba ube 100%.

Kwakhona kwaziwa ukuba Bank Central ngo-2016 uya kumisa iimfuno njengesikhuseli ezinkulu - ngokuhambelana imiqathango emiselwe iziphakamiso Basel. Inani elifanayo esetyenziswa ukuncedisana ne-kwikomkhulu ezingundoqo ezifunekayo ukuze ukulinganisa ilahleko xa kuthe sentlekele, kuya kufuneka ukuba ube 0,625% ngokumalunga asethi ziyalinganiselwa engozini. ngonyaka ngamnye, eyona nto iphambili iya kuba kakhulu qatha. Ngo-2019, iibhanki kuya kufuneka ukuba ziqinisekise ukuba buffer endaweni yokuyidibanisa ezinkulu kwixabiso 2.5%.

representativeness lusebenze

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba ucacise ukuba unqwenela ukuchaza iibhanki ngokucwangcisekileyo ebalulekileyo eRashiya, ngowe-2014, kwathiwa ukuba isixa ngetyala kunye namaziko zemali ezikhoyo kuluhlu makaquke ubuncinane 80% emarike Russian-asethi zebhanki.

Kulo mba, ezinye iingcali zacebisa ukuba kuluhlu lokuqala ngokucwangcisekileyo amaziko ebalulekileyo iya kuba ngeenxa 50 imibutho. Ngaphezu koko, ngo-ndlebe kunye nabameli eendaba ye-Central Bank ekwindla ka-2014 ingxelo ukuba imo efanelekileyo kufuneka ukufumana iibhanki-19, baba, yena,-70% ye-capital kwimarike yesizwe.

Iindlela kuvavanyo kweebhanki amazwe abalulekileyo

Ngoko ke, siye wajonga iinqobo eziliqela zigqitywa iibhanki ngokucwangcisekileyo ebalulekileyo. Zidweliswe, sakhiwa Central Bank, nathi eluviweni. Yintoni Bathi abameli bamaziko zemali kunye abahlalutyi yemalike nokuba ukwenza uluhlu ehambisana nemigaqo nokulungiselela yayo?

Ngoko ke, lo kwincopho eqhelekileyo lwembono, njengako apho ubume ngokubaluleka lwenkqubo yemfundo lebhanki - ayikho kangako kuthanda njengoko ukwanda uxanduva. Credit kunye umbutho zemali, ezafumana kuye, bawulungele ukuzalisekisa iimbopheleleko - ezinxulumene zombini isigqibo iingxaki zasekhaya kwezoqoqosho karhulumente, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kuqhagamshelwano ngamazwe. Abameli Central Bank wagxininisa ukuba iibhanki ezibe kuluhlu ngokucwangcisekileyo ezibalulekileyo akufuneki ibhujiswe uxhomekeke kwinkxaso-mali esuka kurhulumente. A indima enkulu ekuncedeni ukusombulula iingxaki kunokwenzeka kwiziko, njengoko kuqatshelwe ngabaphathi ephezulu Central Bank kufuneka badlale-zabelo.

Iikhrayitheriya Ulwahlulo kweebhanki kwisistim: Expert uVavanyo

Yintoni iingcali zithi malunga epapashwe ngalo mzuzu iikhrayitheriya Central Bank apho iibhanki zihlelwa ngokucwangcisekileyo ebalulekileyo? Ngoko ke, abahlalutyi kakuhle kakhulu ukuhlola liphulo Central Bank ekukhanyeni iimfuno kwi njengesikhuseli eyinkunzi. Noko ke, iingcali abaninzi banomdla, ngokusekelwe koko Ngokwezi zathu zokhuseleko yibhanki eyongameleyo umise irekhodi ibhalwe apha ngentla.

Ngokutsho kwezinye abahlalutyi, i kwingongoma ebalulekileyo kuvavanyo ukuzinza kumaziko zemali Russian kufuneka ibe kumgangatho wolawulo. Ukuba ibhanki yonganyelwe nabaphathi abanobuchule, oko kwenziwe nayiphi na imeko kwandisa amathuba okuphumelela ekungameleni lobunzima, kwakunye nokwenziwa kwemisebenzi ezinxulumene kuqoqosho lizwe, iingcali zithi.

ukubamba up neenkokeli

iibhanki Russian, nto leyo yenza i-Central Bank kuluhlu lwe ngokucwangcisekileyo ebalulekileyo, nayo zenzelwe ukuba abe ngumzekelo kwabanye, mhlawumbi abakhuphisana amaziko ezemali, abahlalutyi bathi.

Enyanisweni, ukuthembeka abo emehlweni nxaxheba lekhredithi yemakethi Russian ayikwazi ukuziphikisa, iingcali zithi, kodwa imibutho ezincinane-isikali, bekuya kuba mnandi kuba nako ukubona, ngenxa yokuba iibhanki enkulu ingakumbi abaphuhlisa ngempumelelo yaye ngokuqinisekileyo yavavanywa komlawuli. Kulo mba ncwadi ye-Central Bank of uluhlu olupheleleyo kweekhrayitheriya zokuhlela ngetyala kunye namaziko zemali le nkqubo ukuze abe inkuthazo ebonakalayo ukuphucula ukusebenza kwenkqubo logcino mali luphela, abahlalutyi bathi.