Yintoni njengesivisa? Ukuchaza ingqiqo

Kunzima ngokwaneleyo ukuze achaze oko isivisa, njengoko loo gama lisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezininzi malunga nolwazi - ukusuka zemathematika logic Ezolimi. Eli gama livela kwi praedicatum kwisiLatini bubonakala "athi", oko kukuthi, loo nto ibonisa ukuba kwisifundo ngalo mzuzu, bathi - oko akunamsebenzi ukwalela okanye imvume. Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njenge gama nesivisa kwi Ezolimi, ingakumbi iinkqubo terminological of Western Europe. Ulwimi Russian kwaziwa ukuba Isivisa ezinjalo, kodwa siye indawo elithi "isivisa", noxa oku kungekho ncam into efanayo.

ukuba nombono

Kunokuba naluphi na ulwazi esifundo ekuthethwa ngalo kule kota. Ukuze uqonde ukuba yintoni isivisa na ngaphambili, ezo thaca noko iimfuno esemantiki. Ukuba awukhankanyi lophawu into, kwaye ubume kwayo, kunye sengqondo kwezinye izinto, ngoko ke ukusebenzisa loo kota. Akubuzwa ukuba ukrwele umgca ubukho okanye ukuba ngengqiqo eqhelekileyo eli lizwi na ukuphendula umbuzo wokuba yintoni isivisa, ekubeni akukho umgwebo kuwo. Umzekelo: zenqu uya kundiphendula azikho; Le cherry; neeamangile - hhayi nut. Kuzo zonke ezi imiyalelo kwizinto akukho nesivisa.

Modern ulwalathiso logic idla indawo ingqiqo isivisa omnye, ngokuba umsebenzi propositional, apho iingxoxo eziphambili ke actants - injongosenzi kunye sifundo. isiphithiphithi Terminological ayikwazanga kuphetshwa kula macandelo zegrama ubhalo, kodwa parlance yinto eqhelekileyo, eli gama lisoloko lisetyenziswa phambi kwethu. Umzekelo, amagama afana izivisa nesivisa eqhotyoshelwe kule inkalo olusesikweni yesivakalisi. Iiplastiki ngegama, ngamazwi, njalo-njalo. Nangona inkcazo isivisa okuvakaliswa kwimiba yayo methodological.

iintlobo izivisa

Phakathi iintlobo lwesemantiki taxonomic ekwanti, zonxulumelwano uqikelelo olubonakalisa. Indawo Taxonomic ukuba iklasi into. Umzekelo: izihlangu ozithandayo - iimbadada; iinkuni esekhulile - umsedare; entsha umboniso - njengephupha. Ukunxulumana isivisa - isalathiso ixabiso indlela enye into enxulumene kwenye. Umzekelo: xa bast bast uya; zomsedare - nomkhaya pine; ayenalo - yohlobo zamabali. izivisa eziphawula ubonise iimpawu zezinto emile okanye esinamandla, idlule okanye ngokusisigxina. Umzekelo: neembadada ezindala; umsedare luyakhula; fantasy sisondela.

ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka ihlawulwe udidi, ekuthiwa uvavanyo vavisa. Umzekelo: bast - Eco-friendly nazimbadada; Imisedare mihle kunene; ayenalo ukutshonisa kumboniseli in a sentsomi. Kukhona amagama, izivisa zohlobo lapha kanye temporal lwendawo. Umzekelo: xa kokha bast; izixhobo pine ziya kuba ngoSeptemba; ayenalo ufunde ekhaya. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ukujonga uhlobo isivisa kanti akunjalo kulula kungenxa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zolwimi ukuba thaca badla syncretic. Oko kukuthi, omnye isenzi lungabonakaliswa omnye ubudlelwane izinto kungekuphela nje omnye komnye, kodwa ngaxeshanye kunye neempawu, zalapha.

enye ngezigaba

Kuyenzeka ukuba Cazulula la magama kunye nezinye izizathu. Chwetheza isifundo idlala indima egwebayo:-ekwizinga eliphantsi izivisa zizinto ezikhoyo eziphathekayo, yaye ngaphezulu - luphawulwa iindidi ngeendidi nezo zingabonakaliyo. Apha kabukhali kuphikisana iintlobo ezimbini: abo anxulumene siganeko kwaye ichaza i invariant sicelo. Umzekelo: izolo nje wazikrazula iimbadada - iimbadada ezo neqwengiweyo, kodwa izolo - kusenokwenzeka kakhulu.

Ngaphezu koko, ngokutsho oluhlobo, kuyimfuneko ukuba bazohlule ngenani izivisa actants. Single: bast - lula; zomsedare - ezinamandla; kabini: l Apti ukukhanya ezinyaweni zakhe; zemisedare azigubungela ilanga; ezintathu: iimbadada kulula kwi ngeenyawo xa ehamba; zemisedare wayisithelisa ilanga undergrowth. Enye indlela nabanako ukwahlulelana ngayo izivisa yokuqala-order (ithe - umsedare limi); ukuze yesibini (lithathwe yokuqala - imisedare ukumelana); kwelesithathu (avela yesibini), njalo-njalo.

definition

Ubuhlakani kunye Ezolimi nesivisa - yinto njengesivisa womgwebo, oko kukuthi into awatsho ukwalela okanye imvume kwesi sifundo. La mazwi abonisa ubukho okanye ukungabikho kwisifundo uphawu. Ukususela ngokombono Ezolimi, kubhekisele izivisa kwisemantiki kunye syntactic. Last - an element lobume komhlaba, oko kukuthi, isivisa, kwaye yokuqala ingundoqo loqwalaselo yesemantiki, eyondlala meko ulwimi, oko kukuthi, semantics yayo nuclear.

Ngendlela efanayo njengesivisa lwesemantiki imelwe ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kwinqanaba yesakhiwo komhlaba. Enye imbalelwano phakathi kwezi ntlobo zimbini ze izivisa akungenxa nayiphi na kubo ukubonakalisa isimo esifanayo. Umzekelo: Ndabeka iimbadada ekoneni; Ndabeka iimbadada ekoneni; ebuziweyo angle bast. Ngokwemveli, ingxaki Akukho Ezolimi isisombululo ibhekisa kwenkcazo ingqikelelo vavisa. Impendulo ezintle ukuba kubalulekile ukuba nophuhliso lwengqiqo - i kwisemantiki kunye syntactic, kodwa isivisa alukayifumani inkcazelo ecacileyo.

concept

Xa isigama elithi "isivisa" isiseko akunjalo, yaye ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukumisela, ebhekisela syntactic yoqwalaselo umelo. Icandelo Isivisa umenzi lowo unalo iqela kwisenzi. Ngokungekho ukuthetha, yonke into enxulumene iimo zezenzi uzenzele lobuqu ukuya naye iqela Isivakalisi esinye licandelo nesivisa.

Ngokukodwa, oko kuquka kunye nezinto abangabancedani (component isenzi abancedisayo). Isivisa kunye kwisifundo kwisivakalisi exhausts ngokupheleleyo isakhiwo yayo syntactic. Ke ngoko ngalinye kula macandelo kufuneka akwazi abamnkela zibe ilula. Le nto eyenza amanqanaba - ubuso yokuqala, ngoxa ubukho iingxaki ziya kungakuncinane.

isakhiwo

Ngenxa yoko, isakhiwo isivisa kunokuba phezulu nomthombo. Nakuba kunjalo, ukwakhiwa kweengongoma ezahlukileyo ze amaqela syntactic engaphenduli ibonisa ulandelelwano lwamagama, akukho akananto - zava okanye esebenzayo. Umzekelo: oki iminyaka eliwaka; iwaka leminyaka uyakhula oki; ekhula oki iminyaka eliwaka. Zonke ezi zindululo kuba namacandelo efanayo isivisa kubume yokuqala.

Noko ke, isakhiwo sokuqala kunye bonke kufutshane babo azisoloko ezinxulumene nezakhiwo umphezulu ukulingana yesemantiki. logic isivisa, hayi lonke ixesha kungancitshiswa nokutyhilwa mnye, nokuba amacandelo bezalana yi izibambiso. Umzekelo:

• imithi ezintsha bazibonise egadini endala.
• Egadini endala aziintanga imithi ezintsha.

Ngaba oko la mazwi phezu sihlolisisa, imali iintsingiselo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo?

incazelo kwisemantiki

Uphuhliso ngakumbi kule modeli uyangena ukuhla umsantsa phakathi komhlaba kunye nezimvo okuqala kwisivakalisi. Xa izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo kokuqala Ukrainian lunee ntlobo zombini esebenzayo neyokwenziwa ziya evakalayo ngokwahlukileyo, nangona ngababini kakhulu kunokwenzeka semantically elingana. Igrama wakhiweyo ukwenzela ukuba ezi ndidi zindululo ukuba uyidlulisele zonke izakhiwo syntactic kwaye inguqu aluchaphazeli isiphumo sokugqibela lufumaneka xa uguqulelo isixando kunye nesakhiwo kumphezulu wesivakalisi.

kwenzeka nje ukuba ukumelwa syntactic yimithetho zegrama sele iguqulelwe semantics ntetho, ukumisela ulwalamano okanye isifundo esilingana naso, ngokulandelelana, izakhiwo kumphezulu. Ngaphezu koko, isigwebo ofanayo utoliko lwesemantiki iintlobo nesivisa.

logic umenziwa

Isivisa - ingxelo apho ezidityaniswe kwiimpikiswano. Ukuba-kudume ukuxambulisana single - isivisa akhuphe impahla yakhe, yaye ukuba ngakumbi - ke ndiya kubatsalela ubudlelwane phakathi zonke iingxoxo. Umzekelo: oki - iinkuni; fir - emthini. Apha impahla wabonisa - kuba umthi. Ngoko ke, oku imelwe njengesivisa kunye komterebhinti, kunye nespruce. Lo mzekelo ulandelayo: izihlangu Bast ephothiweyo ukusuka amaxolo. Isivisa apha igama elithi "bast" kwaye iingxoxo - ngamanye amazwi, kuba umalunga kuye yaye ngokwabo abanalo Inkululeko ngokwaneleyo. Ephothiweyo - iimbadada. Bast - iimbadada.

logic Propositional libanzi kakhulu ulwimi oluthile kwaye ngoko kakuhle kwindlela yabantu, ngoko abantu sebenzisa ulwimi ekuqiqeni nesivisa, oko kukuthi - uqikelelo. Ngokomzekelo, le impikiswano ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba ukubonisa ingqiqo iingxelo: Bonke abantu abafayo. I - indoda. Nam, uyafa. Ulwimi ekuqiqeni propositional kufuneka ukuba ubhale phantsi iziqwenga ezintathu ezahlukeneyo ngaphandle naluphi na unxibelelwano kunye nabanye. A ulwimi isivisa nangoko chonga ezimbini eziphambili 'ukuba ofayo' yaye 'yindoda'. Emva koko, isivakalisi sokuqala imifanekiso ashinyeneyo ezinxulumene nazo.

izakhi

Isakhiwo lwesemantiki kwesigwebo udidi yayo. It izivisa adlulisela urhulumente okanye isenzo esithile, actants - ngabalawulwa izinto okanye izinto zohlobo ezahlukeneyo (ethe ngqo, engathanga ngqo, rezultativen njalo njalo), sirkonstanty - iimeko ezahlukeneyo njengoko entsimini izenzo.

Umzekelo: Ebudeni ebusuku window wankqonkqoza emthini. Ambe apha, singatsho esiphezulu. inyathelo Isivisa asebenzayo aya kuba igama elithi "kokubethwa". Okulandelayo kuza actants: isifundo - "umthi", into - "ifestile", instrumentativ - "amasebe". Sirkonstantoy (okanye temporativom okanye imeko yexesha) uthetha elithi "ebusuku". Kodwa ukuze kufumana yesibini, locative - "esitratweni", umzekelo.

zizinto

Izivisa iqanjwa mgaqo yesemantiki wenjenje: izivisa eyiyo (umz - chaza) kunye actants (nxaxheba isiganeko). Semantically Actants nazo qheke ngokwendidi:

• Isifundo (ngenye indlela - Agens) - olu hlobo actant isifundo okanye ophambili esebenzayo. Umzekelo: umthi ikhula.
• Into - yeyona thagethi yempembelelo ngqo okanye ngandlela yimbi, okanye akukho ngqo. Umzekelo: ikati ebeganga mouse.
• Instumentativ - into, ngaphandle apho meko alukhange luqokeleleke ndaweninye. Umzekelo: badla isuphu.
• Isiphumo - ngenxa nokonyulwa izenzo ezenziwa. Umzekelo: entwasahlobo akhule imifuno.

Kwakhona, musa phelisa sirkonstant - iimeko amanyathelo. Kananjalo zahlulwe zibe ngamaqela. Emibini kakhulu rhoqo kwaye isisiseko - temporates kunye locative. Umzekelo: entwasahlobo uba shushu. Igama elithi "umthombo" - temporates. esezansi Lilac yonke. Igama elithi "yonke" - locative.

isiphelo

Ukuze ufunde ukubeka indlela ngokuchanekileyo intloko nesivisa unikwe isigwebo, kwaye oko kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba bubuciko zabo, nangenxa ukuqonda lichaneke kakhulu iingcinga somnye - kufuneka ngokucacileyo kakhulu ukuqonda ukuba esi sifundo sale ngxelo, kwaye uthetha iimpawu zakhe.