Yintoni na le nto umthetho wobukhaya? Ingcamango yokuba amalungelo abantu

Ngaloo mihla, xa ekunene kuvela kuphela kwifomu apho thina sonke baqhele abakubonayo, abantu abazange baqonde ukusetyenziswa kwalo "lithathelwe". Ibiya kuthetha ukuba izithethe yokuziphatha enemvume ngurhulumente, ukuba babe ekhethekileyo? Enyanisweni, imigaqo eqhelekileyo wokuziphatha, kodwa oluphezulu ngaphezulu. Noko ke, nakuba emva kweminyaka engamakhulu aliqela, ilungelo kuye koyena nolusebenzayo indlela lokuhlela ulawulo izihlwele zoluntu ubume ezahlukahlukeneyo kunye nenkcubeko. Ngokuthe ngcembe, lo mthetho baqala ukungena kuphela kungena gosudarstvostroeniya sphere, kodwa kubomi bemihla ngemihla babantu. Migangatho yokulawula ukuthenga nokuthengisa, ilifa kunye nemeko ubuncwane, ngamanye amazwi, inkqubo ubomi obuqhelekileyo. Ekuqaleni imithetho enjalo ikho kwinqanaba amasiko. Noko ke, isebe wonke umthetho yavela emva kwexesha elithile, oko kukuthi yoluntu.

Imbali amalungelo abantu

Uninzi amagqwetha zanamhlanje eniyicelayo ngayo, yintoni na le nto umthetho wobukhaya? Kwelinye icala, ingqiqo yalo shishino unika impendulo alupheli ngento eza kuxutyushwa ngakumbi kunye namanye - kukho imiba emininzi yeengcingane, ezo zinokuphikiswa rhoqo kakhulu. Le nyaniso luxhomekeke kakhulu kwimbali lokusekwa kwisebe yoluntu yomthetho. Okokuqala, kufanele kuqatshelwe indima ephambili eRoma yamandulo, kuba umthetho yoluntu inkqubo yoluntu, enyanisweni, ziye omashini abenziwe zizazinzulu zikaRhulumente. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ekuqaleni le industry "live" kuphela amasiko nezithethe. Nangona kunjalo, kunye nophuhliso kobudlelwane yorhwebo-mali, i-Apennine Peninsula waqalisa uphuhliso lwalo umthetho wobukhaya, yaye ngokukodwa, umthetho wabucala. Kodwa shishino zange kuba kwaoko. Ngaloo mihla, iRoma lakhula ngokukhawuleza kwimvelaphi lomzabalazo lomgadi plebs (abantu) kunye patricians (elite).

enye ezikhumbuzo midala lulolona lubalulekileyo mthetho (imithetho iitafile XII) phantsi yengcinezelo patricians yokuqala yasekwa, okunyusileyo kunye imigaqo elawula iimfihlo abemi. Ukususela ngelo xesha, umthetho civil iqala imbali walo ngoko nangoko.

Imithetho XII iitafile

Le isethi yemimiselo omnye weyona mizekelo sokuqala ifundwe kwamalungelo abantu karhulumente. ikomiti ekhethekileyo 10 abantu zabuya ukudala imithetho. Injongo yomsebenzi wabo "ukuhlela imithetho." zomthetho lixesha ngaphandle nje. Ngenxa yoko, uluhlu lwemithetho iquka athandwa kakhulu ngelo izithethe zomthetho xesha. An into umdla kukuba ifundwe libuye ulwazi oluninzi malunga nemisebenzi zenkqubo umthetho civil, njengoko nemigaqo yeenkqubo ongaqukwanga ngokukodwa kwezinye iitafile. Kakade ke, ukudalwa umzimba ngolo umthetho waba nhlanganiso ngokwenene. Noko ke, kwakukho ingxaki enkulu. Abo bezomthetho ukuba azilawulwa ngumthetho, akakholwa zikhona. Ngoko ke, lo ambalwa eminyaka ezayo, izithuba ilungelo lokuba ubhale izinto ezikhethekileyo amagunya karhulumente. Ngqo ngokomthetho waseburhulumenteni ngendlela apho baqhele ukumbona thina, lamiswa ngokusekelwe kwi Corpus Juris civilis (code of imithetho Justinian kaThixo). Lo mthombo waphendula umbuzo ngeendlela ezininzi leyo ngumongo umthetho wobukhaya, kuba ekhethekileyo ngokwenene ixesha layo.

Imbali elandelayo yomthetho yoluntu ziphuhliswa kunye ngendaleko uluntu. Xa ixesha kwezithethe feudalism umthetho zabucala baseRoma ukuphumeza izenzo ezininzi zoshishino. Enkulu senzeka ngexesha Renaissance, xa ulawulo lomthetho ngokubanzi babe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ubomi kuluntu nakuRhulumente. Ngaxeshanye kunye nophuhliso yobudlelwane bezizwe kwaba ukubunjwa ifomu eyodwa kumthetho wembambano, leyo yaba eyaziwa ngokuba umthetho civil ngamazwe.

Ingcamango yanamhlanje lwamalungelo oluntu

umthetho Civil of Russia kunye namanye amazwe phantse ngokungaguquguqukiyo ngokwemiqathango yonxulumano olulawulwayo. Kakade ke, indlela ilungelo ngokwayo kakhulu ezahlukeneyo, kodwa loo nto ayithethi siyeke ukuba anikezele ingcamango enye. Ngoko ke, umthetho yoluntu - iseti nemimiselo esemthethweni nokulawula ubudlelwane ipropati kwaye non-propati, ezisekelwe phezu nokulingana kanye amaqela ukuze kuphunyezwe iimeko ezithandwa kakhulu ngabantu. Noko ke, ukuze uqonde ukuba yintoni na le nto umthetho wobukhaya, ishishini kufuneka ukuba siqwalaselwe kuthathelwa ingqalelo iimeko zeentsapho ezahlukeneyo zomthetho, owawubumbela umhla. Kwakhona umthetho civil omakathathwe njengendlela yokuziqeqesha yenzululwazi. Ngayo, izikolo ezininzi balungiselela amagqwetha. Izihloko kumthetho wembambano ukunceda Iingcali ezintsha kwicandelo lomthetho ukufunda uhlobo zomthetho kakuhle eli shishini. Njengoko umthetho, ukulungiswa lwenziwa kwinqanaba ithiyori kwaye aluncedo. kwiimfazwe umsebenzi umthetho ikakhulu ukuqinisekisa ulwazi oluthembekileyo kwicandelo labucala imithetho pravorealizatsii.

izinto ezahlukeneyo zinefuthe iintsapho zomthetho

Njengoko kwi zomthetho ngendaba yomkhaya waseRoma-esiJamani Anglo-Saxon yommiselo; thaca kwishishini nqaku, ngokufanayo. Noko ke, umthetho yoluntu kunye nenkqubo yoluntu zahlukile kakhulu kumazwe apho kukho na uhlobo olufanayo kulawulo kwezomthetho. Eyona ngxaki inkulu zavela iqondo eyahlukileyo wokuphunyezwa imigaqo kwicandelo yoluntu. Ngokomzekelo, kumazwe ka Romano-gremanskoy isebe usapho esemthethweni ikhona ngokwesiseko ukulingana sezibhaliwe kwamaqela, inviolability zonke iintlobo ubunini, inkululeko isivumelwano. Noko ke, le migaqo zisetyenziswa kakhulu ngakumbi ngempumelelo kumazwe yomthetho Anglo-Saxon. Imeko efanayo kwakhona kuvela umahluko kanye kolawulo kwezopolitiko, kodwa ke oku a eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo isifundo.

Iinjongo amalungelo abantu

Ngaphambili, siye safumanisa ukuba umbandela wamalungelo waseburhulumenteni zomthetho nezobudlelwane kwi isigaba lwempatho kunye nezoqoqosho ngabanye. Ngenxa yoko, le yinto kubizwa zonke izibonelelo (ezibonakalayo kunye nezo zingabonakaliyo), ngenxa leyo, enyanisweni, kukho sele ikhankanywe ubudlelwane. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umthetho civil eRashiya namhlanje liphantsi inkqubo yophuhliso ibonwe. Oku kukhokelela yimbonakalo izinto ezintsha apho imisebenzi yecandelo yoluntu. Ngokutsho nqaku 128 of Code Civil, into yokuba amalungelo oluntu ziziwe: impahla (izinto), imali, izibambiso kunye namalungelo empahla non-propati, iinzuzo ezingaphathekiyo. Kufuneka iqondwe into yokuba zonke izinto kuwa phantsi ulawulo lwecandelo loluntu kwimeko apho ukuba nefuthe ngabalawulwa komthetho zabucala. Kungenjalo, phezu ummiselo yoluntu-mthetho ayikwazi aziyi kuqwalaselwa.

ngezigaba izinto

Ngenxa yomthetho yoluntu okhoyo izinto izazinzulu kubeka phambili ngokwemiqathango yolwahlulo eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo, umzekelo:

1. Ngokutsho ingeniso eluntwini:

- sibambiso,

- umda ejikelezayo,

- unlimited ejikelezayo.

2. Ngokutsho uhlobo impahla:

- eziphathekayo,

- ayishukumi.

3. ezithengiswayo yahlulwe:

- umhlaba, indawo ongaphantsi

- amanzi,

- ziqhogene kunxulumene izinto ilizwe.

Kukho kwakhona kudidi ngokubanzi zonke izinto zehlabathi eziphathekayo, nto leyo zingqonge umntu:

- ezisetyenziswa ziphele,

- nobunzima kakhulu,

- akafuni kudla,

- ngabanye kuchazwa,

- izinto eziphilileyo ezineempawu generic,

- liyohluleka,

- ebumbene.

ingqalelo Kuninzi ihlawulwe ukuhlelwa tyalo.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba imalike yemali yakutsha nje esengozini zazivelela rhoqo. Oku kukhokelela yimbonakalo iindidi ezintsha, efuna olusemthethweni. Ngoko ke, kukho izibambiso zilandelayo:

- ebhalisiweyo,

- kwesigunyaziso,

- notyekelo impahla,

- imali,

- corporate,

- video,

- uncertified.

Kwakhona kwizinto zomthetho yoluntu ezingeni izinto kuphela yokuthetha eziphathekayo, umzekelo, non-wezindlu (zoqoqosho) amalungelo, umsebenzi kunye neenkonzo, njalo njalo. N. kwipropati Intellectual ubambe niche eyahlukileyo kwi indlela ummiselo osemthethweni, nto leyo ebonisa ukubaluleka kwayo igqwesileyo.

Ekusebenziseni amalungelo oluntu kukuba ngokufuthi axhomekeke iimpawu yommiselo bento. Umzekelo, estate yangempela luphawu ethile yezomthetho kunye nendlela wolawulo, ezizezi ubhaliso enyanzelekileyo kuzo zonke iintengiselwano ngokupheleleyo nale nto. Kulo mzekelo, ubukho imikhondo sisinyanzelo indlela ulawulo kubudlelwane, oko kukuthi ngokupheleleyo aziqhelekanga kwicandelo yoluntu.

Iindlela ummiselo unxulumano zomthetho kumthetho wembambano

Njengoko kwezinye amasebe isayensi, indlela kumthetho wembambano - iseti iindlela, izixhobo kunye namacebo ngokusebenzisa apho kukho impembelelo yomthetho kwiintlobano ezithile zentlalo. Oku ikakhulu kusekelwe kwimigaqo engundoqo (optionality, ukulingana amaqela kunye nenkululeko contract). Ngoko ke, kubaluleke lubalaseleyo indlela dispositive ummiselo osemthethweni, nto leyo esekelwe kwintando ngamaqela eyiyo. Ngamanye amazwi, abantu bayakwazi ukusebenzisa okanye ukusebenzisa umthetho. Imithetho kumthetho wembambano - i "supplement" zomthetho, esetyenziswa xa, umzekelo, azikho ubuhlobo kwisivumelwano. Indima indlela kunyanzelekile kumthetho wembambano kuncitshiswe. Oku kunokubonwa inani elincinane nezithintelo ezikhoyo kwimithetho nemigaqo shishino. Loo umlinganiselo zeenqwelwana ezimbini methodological wabumba ebudeni bexesha ubukho komthetho wamaRoma. Amagqwetha yexesha wasahlula nqanaba kweemfuno zoluntu kunye nawabucala. Le yokugqibela ayikwazi alukhange luqokeleleke ndaweninye xa omnye amaqela kuthatha kuqala. Oku kulandela ukuba nokulingana iingalo - kuba sisiseko ngqo indlela efihlakeleyo.

Ukungqinelana nomgaqo inkululeko abadlali kwicandelo civil zonke banelungelo ukugqiba izivumelwano ezinikiweyo kwaye olubonelelwa ngumthetho yoluntu. Nangona kunjalo, le yokugqibela ayikwazi kuba uchasene nemigaqo jikelele yomthetho kunye nengeniso ishishini. Ngokubanzi, ukwanda indlela efihlakeleyo kwenza kube lula kwiimeko ezithile zomthetho ukusebenzisa iindlela exit eziliqela. It kungabonakala ngokucacileyo, ukuba ufunda umsebenzi umthetho wobukhaya, amagqwetha bafunda kwiiyunivesithi.

isakhiwo isihloko shishino

Ekusebenziseni amalungelo abantu, ngakumbi, indlela yale nkqubo ixhomekeke ngqo kwi zifundo. Nkqu nokuba ukulingana bazo, abantu kunye amaqumrhu asemthethweni ubukhulu becala kwahluka enye kwenye. Lo mbandela umthetho wobukhaya ingaba indlela vusa ubuso kwaye (ngamnye inkampani, amashishini, niqinile, iziko). Le yenye iimpawu shishino. Kuyimfuneko ukuqaphela ezinye ngeemfuno ezenziwa kubo bonke abantu, ngaphandle kokukhetha: ubukho umthamo kunye nezakhono. Ukongeza, inkcazelo ngokwasemthethweni ezinye izifundo kakhulu ezithile, umzekelo, ithi. Oku kwenza kunokubangela iingxaki ezinkulu amalungelo kwelinye icala, kukho ukulingana amaqela ebhaliswe izixhobo yamacandelo, kwelinye - abanye abadlali afakwa ngokomthetho ezahlukeneyo.

Iimpawu abantu

Ukuze ube yinxalenye ndaba zomthetho nezobudlelwane yoluntu, kufuneka ube amandla omthetho, oko uthe ngaphambili.

1. Umthamo yomthetho - oko enyanisweni kunokwenzeka ukubamba amalungelo bathwale uxanduva ethile. It sinikezwe wonke ummi kwasekuzalweni, ngoko ke amandla iyafana ngokupheleleyo wonke. Concept kunye neentlobo yamalungelo oluntu kunye neemfanelo zingafunyanwa kwi-siseko, izenzo yoluntu kunye zomthetho, njalo-njalo. N.

2. Ubuchule - kukukwazi basebenzise amalungelo abo kwaye athabathele kuwo uxanduva kubo. Kusenokuba kweentlobo ezintathu: ngokupheleleyo, oluphakathi kunye umda. Kwakhona, kukho kolawulo esemthethweni ngabantu, xa okunene kuzenzela nto. Amaninzi, ivolyum kolu didi emiselwe ubudala lomntu. Iminyaka 18 ngalinye inomthamo osemthethweni ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa ke, njengoko isigqibo senkundla, omnye umntu agcine amandla alo enze ngokungqinelana kunye neemeko ezithile ebomini.

amaqumrhu asemthethweni kunye norhulumente

Ezininzi iingxaki umthetho wobukhaya ezinxulumene inkcazelo kwezi ndidi zimbini zabantu. Kwelinye icala, urhulumente - Yikho iqumrhu afanayo kwezomthetho, ezifana njengenkampani. Kodwa ngenxa phambi kulongamo zesifundo ngayo iimpawu ezithile. Umzekelo, urhulumente ongavelisi butyala yoluntu kwimihlaba jikelele. Noko ke, le ubudlelwano okanye ezinye izibophelelo isifundo livela, enyanisweni, iqumrhu afanayo kwezomthetho. Ngoko ke, indima karhulumente impikiswano ngokwenene ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Ngokuphathelele kubantu zomthetho, kuba ezi mpawu zilandelayo:

- ubunye lombutho,

- bodwa Property,

- ityala,

- kwimicimbi yoluntu usoloko ungenelela egameni labo.

umthetho civil International

umthetho civil International yiseti zezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe kunye nemithetho basekhaya elawula miba ibalulekileyo umthetho wobukhaya entsimini zokuzisa. Le nto isebe ukusuka kuphuhliso ngokukhawuleza izivumelwano, ezorhwebo, usapho kunye nezinye ubudlelwane umthetho wobukhaya kwi-nkqubo yamazwe ngamazwe. Le uluhlu lwemithetho kuvumela ngabalawulwa umthetho wobukhaya ukusebenzisana nabanye nokuba abangengobemi karhulumente omnye. Omnye umzekelo izenzo yoluntu-yomthetho ubhalo ngamazwe i "isiVumelwano TRIPS", olufinyeziweyo njenge "TRIPS".

Ngenxa yoko, kweli nqaku, senza ukuphendula lo mbuzo, yintoni na le nto umthetho wobukhaya, kwakunye ezama ukubona iimpawu kwishishini. Xa ndiqukumbela, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba umthetho civil - lo kwisigaba lubalaseleyo yemisebenzi yomthetho, kuba linxulunyaniswa ubomi ngabemi abaninzi. Ngokubhekiselele kushishino lwamazwe ngamazwe, liya abuphumezayo umthetho yoluntu yamazwe amaninzi, ngokuba indima amalungelo liyenyuka mihla ehlabathini.