Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (Duomo), Florence: Inkcazo

Church of Santa Maria del Fiore yenye eziphambili ezinomtsalane Florence. Le lomculo yonke bokwakha, equka lokubhaptiza (lokubhaptiza) kunye Campanile (intsimbi Tower). Le yokugqibela lusebenza njengesikhokelo ezilahlekileyo abakhenkethi, njengoko lisingisa leemitha asithoba. A lwesakhiwo eliqaqambileyo elibomvu Santa Maria del Fiore okuluphawu wezinto zakomkhulu Tuscan. Ethetha yesihloko. Iicawa ezinikelwe uMariya, e Florence ezimbalwa. Hayi kude ukusuka kwisikhululo sikaloliwe yi Santa Maria Novella. Yena Kubonakala ngathi okuhombisa ibhokisi kwemi yayo abamnyama nabamhlophe. Kodwa xa ibuya kwi Florentines eyoyikekayo, njengokuba ibandla baseDominican kunye Kwamacala. Kodwa "Madonna kwi Flower" indawo yokuhlanganisana baloo dolophu, uphawu yobukhulu Florence. Le isonto elithile, okanye njengoko ukubizwa eItali, i Duomo. Kweli nqaku siza kukunika ezi nkcukacha epheleleyo malunga nebandla.

imvelaphi Historical sokwakha

Yaba ekupheleni kwenkulungwane weshumi, xa emva kokoyiswa i Ghibellines amandla Roman Pope iye yadityaniswa. Nokubonisa uloyiso Catholic Church phezu "patarenskoy (Albigensian) sisiphambusa", waqalisa ukuba kwakhiwe icawa enkulu. Babeza ukuvuka ngaphezu isixeko njengomfuziselo kobunganga wegunya loopopu. Kwakhona musa ukulibala malunga kukuqhekeka feudal, nto leyo ke eya nge Italy. Duomo of Florence kwafuneka 'ukudlula' izixeko umdala kangaka alwayo ezifana Pisa kunye Siena. Esi sixeko kwakhona abadinga a tempile yokuba wayeza kukwazi ukwamkela bonke abantu. A elikhulu kwabo maxesha Florence lagqitha yi inani abahlala eLondon. Ezingamashumi amathathu amawaka abantu - yiloo nto amandla kuloo ndlu yecawa kwekomkhulu Tuscany. Oku wazalwa labazobi wayeza ukuba nesigqubuthelo forum apho bahlanganisane bonke abemi unqulo lwamaKristu ukuqala kuncinci ukuya ku- nkulu. Kakade ke, isixa zokwakha ezifunekayo ngeenkwenkwezi. Kodwa Florence kwiinkulungwane weshumi yachuma. uboya bokudaya kunye norhwebo bazisa ingeniso ngcembe umzi. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba imali ukwakhiwa.

History of the Duomo

A indawo ukwakhiwa loo ndlu yecawa kukhethwe sele ezidilikileyo kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela iCawa St. Reparata. Isigqibo ukuba achithe yakhiwa kwinkulungwane yesine, ibandla kwenziwa ngo 1289. Njengokuba kuqhelekile namhlanje, kukhuphiswano kwathiwa, kodwa ithenda afunyanwa yi-sale Guild of Arts, eyacela ilungu layo, lo wezakhiwo Arnolfo di Cambio, ukuphuhlisa le projekthi. Umyalelo obaluliweyo ukuba Duomo (Florence) ukuba ezinkulu kwaye kubabetha ezihonjiswe ngaphezu icawa ze Siena kunye Pisa. Ilitye yokuqala sabekwa ekwakhiweni inxusa kapopu, Cardinal Pietro Valeriano Duraguerra ngoSeptemba 1296. Arnolfo di Cambio ngokobuqu yalathisa umsebenzi. Kodwa emva kokufa inkosi ngowe-1302, ukwakhiwa wayeka ngeminyaka njengoko mabini anesibhozo. Mhlawumbi uthi yokunqongophala kwemali ukulungiselela ukuphunyezwa kwale projekthi ngomlinganiselo omkhulu. Kodwa apha ekwakhiweni waphazamisana amandla ezulu. Kwigumbi elingaphantsi webandla endala ka Santa Reparata waye "wazihluba ngokungummangaliso" amandla Zinovy Florence. Iindaba lo mmangaliso waziswa abashumayeli iindlebe zabantu yomKristu, kunye nezipho nabasemzini Bamemelele wanceda ukuqhubeka ukwakhiwa.

Notyekelo yecawa

Iprojekthi Arnolfo di Cambio, esi sakhiwo kufuneka eqalisiweyo omile okomnqamlezo Latin. Nezivalo of Santa Reparata waye esongezelelwe neenafu ezimbini ngaphezulu emacaleni. Ekupheleni kwawo sayilwa imilo libe. A apse omise kwicala ezimbini transept bagqiba ubeko lwe Duomo. Florence ngo 1330, wamiselwa umyili oyintloko Giotto - artists kakhulu nendlela kwaye zahlawulwa kakhulu ixesha. Kodwa wezakhiwo yebhongo kunokuba ukuqhubeka umsebenzi ezihlangwini zakhe, benza ukwakha inqaba yentsimbi. Giotto wafa ngowe-1337, xa kwakhiwa kuphela kampanilly senani yokuqala. Kwaye ngo 1347 e Florence weza isibetho abamnyama, yaye yonke into wayengekho phezulu ukuya yecawa. Emva kokuphela yomsebenzi bhubhane waqalwa. Kuba phantse asixhenxe iminyaka yokwakha ziye nabayili ezintandathu ezinkulu. Baba Francesco Talenti kunye Dzhovanni Di Lapo Ghini, Alberto Arnoldi, d'Ambrodzho Giovanni kumkhwenyana Di Fioravanti kunye Andrea Orkanya.

Dome Duomo (Florence)

Ngo 1418 iindonga zagqitywa. Zinokubiza nje lwesakhiwo. Kodwa apha unengxaki lobunjineli indalo. Area Dome ekujongwe ukuba ebanzi kangangokuba labazobi babemoyika yena ukuze ziwe. Ukongeza, Akukacaci ukubahlangula izinto zokwakha ukuya ukuphakama kuyimitha ngaphezu kweentsuku ezingamashumi alithoba. Imisebenzi yaphazamiseka iminyaka emashumi mane. Florence Council ubhengeze olu khuphiswano elandelayo. Ndikuthabathele ukuba ukwakha lwale uFilippo Brunneleski. Ukuze uzinzise isakhiwo injineli qwa omi phezu qho libe ezingamashumi amabini anesine nkqo namakhonkco ezintandathu ubambo tye. Loo sikhokelo ngaphezu kwesiqingatha leminyaka ibamba lwesakhiwo tridtsatisemitonny of Santa Maria del Fiore. Konke oko yenzelwe iinkcukacha. Nkqu Lanterna (zezibane uqoqo) ayikho nje into yokuhombisa bokwakha. Wongeza umthwalo igubu yokwakha, okwenza lwale womelele ngakumbi.

iparameters Cathedral

Kwanangaphambi kwawo yagqitywa Brunelleschi, Florence Duomo onyulu. Oku kwenzeka ngo-1436. Ngokuba lo mkhosi, Florence lafika Roman abangooBhishophu ngokwakhe, Eugene wesine. Oku kwanika Santa Maria del Fiore, ubunzima extra emehlweni amakholwa kunye nabefundisi. Esi sakhiwo iingangamsha zobukhulu eziwela. Le ndawo iyonke yecawa yi 8300 sq.m. Itempile uthatha ezingamakhulu amahlanu anantathu ubude nama-90 m ububanzi. Noko ke, le tempile ayiniki umbono elikhulukazi, obukhulu. Ngenxa izakhono labazobi kubonakala ukuba ezidadayo. Iindonga kwavusa neemitha ezingamashumi amane anesihlanu. Dome umqhele kunye ububanzi of 42 m ubude zetempile (ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu emnqamlezweni phezulu.) - ikhulu elinamanci elinesine eemitha. Kodwa kunzima ukukholelwa ukuba yecawa yagqitywa ngokupheleleyo kuphela ngo-1887.

entanjeni yangaphandle

Ewe, olungaphambili ezintle, waduma Duomo (Florence), akukho imveliso ye Renaissance iinkosi trecento okanye kvadrochento. Inyaniso yokuba kwinkulungwane yeshumi kudlalwa wakhupha scandal yokwakha. Amagosa amaninzi ukusuka umantyi bazama ukwenza hay kwi iithenda. Ngenxa yoko, uFrancis I, Grand Duke, bayalelwa ukuba bayeke umsebenzi nokwenizwa olungaphambili. Kuphela ngo-1876 unobangela lavunyelwa ukuba athathe wezakhiwo nomkroli Emilio De Fabrice. Lowo weza nazo lo mdlalo zemabhile enombala, kwi yesixhobo embhoxo iflegi Italian. UMyili wasebenzisa ilitye Prato (green), Maremma (epinki) kunye Carrara (white). Oku ekugqibeleni polychrome ubalaselisa yecawa. Bungaphezulu neengqameko ezibaziweyo , uyakwazi ukubona imizobo ezibonisa ubomi basemhlabeni Virgin Mary. Umnyango esetyenziswayo zinokuhonjiswa nomfanekiso oqingqiweyo Virgin noKristu umntwana okuphela kwakhe. Bas-isiqabu singqongwe nabapostile abalishumi elinababini. On top yi elisesifubeni lesinxibo ubuncwane zwe. Okulandelayo kuyo zibonwa medallions imifanekiso abanegama of Florence.

ingaphakathi

Duomo akukho obutofotofo ngaphantsi ngaphandle. Kodwa kukho umahluko article phakathi umtya uhombiso umphandle ligature, umhombiso engaxinenanga ingaphakathi. Banakekela ngexesha elifanelekileyo umshumayeli Dominican Savonarola, ababangcikive ngako floreniytsev ukuba abasayi kuphinda ucinge isilungiseleli seglosi ngaphezu kwi nenkalo yokomoya unqulo. Kodwa phambi kokuba esekelwe zenkulungwane elinesihlanu, emi phezu kophahla yecawa, sithi basekuhlaleni zange kube (ukuba uyolo loonyana). Le mizobo ibonisa Florentines adumileyo - wabe Aligeri, Giotto, noNiccolò da Tollentino Giovanni Acuto kunye nabanye. Kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo engundoqo yamaKatolika yetempile, ngoku etsala nje kuphela ngezonqulo njengoko abakhenkethi, zizinto ezingcwele Zinovy Florence, owathi, njengokuba sikhumbula, wabanika amandla okuqhubela phambili ukuya ekwakhiweni Duomo. Enye umhombiso le yecawa - Ikloko, eyenzelwe yi uPaolo Uchchelo ngo-1443. Ngeentolo le iwashi move kwelinye icala, enilinganisela ngawo ixesha eliseleyo phambi woMgwebo.

namabala Glass

Asinako ngoyaba ezintle imizobo kwi kwiglasi. Amane anesine iifestile zeglasi nebala ayivathise transepts neengqameko zendlu Cathedral ka Santa Maria del Fiore. Ingabonwa iiyure. Iifestile iglasi ophezulu kakhulu - amajukujuku - zibonisa umsebenzi kaKristu kunye nobomi Madonna. A mizobo ephantsi eyayinikelwe abaprofeti eNdala kwaneTestamente eNtsha abangcwele. The Dome ngokwawo, omhlophe ekuqaleni (Brunelleschi wayecinga ukuba indalo yakhe intle, loo nto kufuneka lokubhalela ezongezelelweyo), waba ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi zaye opeyintwe yi Federiko Tsukkari kunye Dzhordzhio Vazari. Le ngomfanekiso luzayo ibonisa kokufa. Le tier ephantsi - aboni esihogweni kukuba inguquko ayifumaneki. Kunye Kristu, baya bathuthunjiswe ngonaphakade. ubonisa ngaphezu imiphefumlo in Purgatory. Kwaye nje phezulu, kwi arch ke uThixo amajukujuku, ebandleni ezithunywa zezulu zibe nako ukubona uYesu Kristu, iNtombi Mary, inani le-Apocalypse kunye abangcwele.

Le complex yezakhiwo

Duomo (Florence) kubandakanya ngaphezu kwesinye ibandla Santa Maria del Fiore, kunye izakhiwo ezimbalwa. Lokubhaptiza, ogama lakhe behlonipha Ioanna Krestitelya, emdala kakhulu yecawa. Oku eyayikho ngemihla amabandla elincinane Santa Reparata (4 ngenkulungwane), kodwa uhlobo yayo mihla kwinkulungwane yeshumi. Ecaleni yesihlanu inkulu yecawa intsimbi tower liphuma ehlabathini. isiseko salo kwabekwa igcisa eliyintloko le yecawa ngu Arnolfo di Cambio. Le projekthi yayiyilwe Giotto. Wayimisa kwenqanaba lokuqala Campanile vosmidesyatipyatimetrovoy. Ngaphezu koko, uyilo yayo eziqulathwe ubomi Andrea pisano kunye Francesco Talenti igqityiwe indalo. Kanye Cathedral, nenqaba intsimbi ujongene iintlobo ezintathu naziiperile anqabileyo. Ngoku wonke umntu uyakwazi ekhwela kumgangatho kujongwa phaya kwentungo yenqaba leyo inde yentsimbi. Inikezela ngelona imbono zobungangamela Florence kunye neenduli eziyingqongileyo. Phela, iqonga ofanayo phezu kwawo isonto.

museum

Kukho esinye isakhiwo kwi entsonkothileyo le Duomo. It is a yimyuziyam. Esi sakhiwo, nangona wempangelo, kuyamangalisa kakhulu. Ngapha koko, ukuba ibekwe workshop Brunelleschi. Ngo-1891 i-myuziyam yavulwa kweli sakhiwo, nto leyo ngokuqinisekileyo kufuneka ukutyelela. Ngapha koko, le Duomo e Florence esoloko ihlaziywa. Ingxenye endala, emele ixabiso elikhulu kwimbali nenkcubeko zaye, kudluliselwa myuziyam. Apho ungabona nje kuphela wekwayala, apho waba chorister ngenkulungwane elinesihlanu, kodwa kakhulu ngaphakathi ibandla, lokubhaptiza nasenqabeni yentsimbi. NoGemariya le exposure EZINOKUQWALASELWA kunye nemizobo amajukujuku owadalwa uFilippo Brunelleschi. Kuyaphawuleka kwakhona yingqokelela eqingqiweyo ukuba kanye wazihombisa olungaphambili kunye ngaphakathi etempileni. Phakathi kwabo umsebenzi engagqitywanga kaMichelangelo - "Madonna Abazilileyo kaKristu" (Piette).

Temple Museum

Yiya kwi Duomo kwaye babubone esekelwe kunye iifestile zeglasi anegazi nabanina. Umnyango ibandla nakanjani free. Musa ukhutshwe yi etyhwini esangweni engundoqo, yona ihamba ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. Kodwa ukuba bajonge ekupheleni uThixo amajukujuku phezulu, kwakunye ekhwela kumgangatho iimbono, okanye uye phantsi crypt, obonisa iintsalela bebandla lamandulo Santa Reparata, kufuneka ahlawule imali. Ukuba ufuna simazi kakuhle kwisakhiwo yokwakha le Duomo, kungcono ukuba uthenge itikiti elinye (complex).

Iindleko utyelelo kunye neeyure zokusebenza

Duomo Cathedral buvuleleke yonke imihla. Kodwa ixesha xa abakhenkethi ukungena, kuyahlukana nedlela iintsuku zeveki. NgoMvulo ukuya etempileni ngoLwesithathu buvuleleke ngesiqingatha ngaphambili ezilishumi ukuya emihlanu. NgoLwesine nooLwezihlanu oko luvalwa nge ezidlulileyo emithathu ngeMigqibelo isiqingatha - at 16:45. NgeCawa, Santa Maria del Fiore ovula nje kwisiqingatha sesibini yaye isebenza ezintandathu. Amangeno ukuya kumgangatho lokuqaphela kunye imyuziyam ekhoyo ukususela 10:30 kude kube kasixhenxe yonke imihla, kude kube ngoMgqibelo 16:40 ukuya kuwo. Script ne amabhodlo Santa Reparata ziyafumaneka ngentlawulo wayengaphakamanga euro ezintathu. Enyukayo kwawo okanye intsimbi ende eqongeni kujongwa ixabisa 6 Je Kubhetele ukuba uthenge itikiti elinye. Oku kubiza kakhulu - euro mathathu. Kodwa yena wenza yonke imini emva kolawulo yokuqala, waluvula ucango Museum, i lokubhaptiza, lo Campanile ngokuqaphela kweqonga amajukujuku, le crypt kunye amangcwaba ekufuphi.