Ukuthintelwa isisu. Oyilwayo lokuvala izisu eRashiya

Kwezisu Russian Federation isonjululwe kwinqanaba mthetho. Le nkqubo ixhaswa ngemali yi-mali karhulumente. Ukuba yobudala sokukhulelwa kweeveki ezili-12, i-isisu yenzelwa phezu isicelo bhinqa. Ukuba ixesha ithuba leeveki 12-22, lenquba yenzelwa kwimeko yokuseka ubunyani kodlwengulo. Kulo naliphi na inqanaba nokukhulelwa ipheliswe ngenxa yezizathu zonyango.

ulwazi zembali

Ukuthintelwa isisu kwi-USSR Waziqhiwula yena ngo-1920. ESoviet Union yaba lilizwe lokuqala ehlabathini, wavumela inkqubo kwinqanaba elisemthethweni. Kwi-UK, umzekelo, isigqibo eso sathathwa ngo-1967, eUnited States - ngo-1973, e-West Germany - ngo-1976, e-France - ngo-1975. I-Union isisu ban yaqaliswa ngowe-1936 Le ngaphandle yaba isisu yobusi. zikhombisa. Nangona kunjalo, kwiimeko ezininzi, le nkqubo lwaqhutywa ngokungekho mthethweni. izisu Ban eRussia sisebenza de kwangowe-1955

okuhambisa

Ngokutsho manani, inani abakhulelweyo kweli lizwe ukuphazamisa ukuwa ukususela ngowe-1980 ngonyaka ngamnye. Noko ke, amazinga ngokubanzi kuhlala kakhulu phezulu. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba isisu, njengoko isixhobo se kwixesha elimiselweyo kunye nenani labantwana azalwe, ukulahlekelwa emhlabeni ukusetyenziswa izicwangcisi mihla. Lo mkhuba ngokukhethekileyo iphawulwe phakathi abaselula.

ezikhoyo ngoku

Igama elithi "isisu" na ngokwezonyango obizwa ngokuba "kwesisu". Kunokuba awufuni okanye ngumntu. Ukuqhomfa iqukiwe kuluhlu lweendidi unyango-inshorensi. Oku kuthetha ukuba wonke ummi weli lizwe unelungelo isicelo ukuya ekliniki inkqubo ngeendleko-mali karhulumente. Ukungqinelana nomgaqo-Fundamentals umthetho olawula kwicandelo lezempilo, wonke umfazi ithuba isigqibo ngokuzimeleyo ngomama babo.

Okukodwa

Ukuqhomfa ngendlela ezingezizo kwiiveki ukuya ku-12. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ikhutshwa phandle isicelo ngummi. Ngaloo kwiiveki 4-7 no 11-12 lenquba yenzelwa hayi ngaphambi kwe emva 48 h. Emva kokuba uguqulelo ekliniki, iiveki 8-10. - hayi ngaphambi kwe iintsuku ezisi-7. Resolution kaRhulumente wawuvula isisu imihla 12-22, ukuba ukukhulelwa kwabangelwa ekudlwengulweni. Xa inkqubo kwezonyango lwenziwa kungakhathaliseki Ubude bexesha nangemvume yomfazi.

bokuqonda

abasebenzi bezempilo kufuneka ilungelo lokwala ukwenza izisu kwi iinkolelo zobuqu. Le ngaphandle xa isisu kuyimfuneko kwi yesingqino, okanye indawo nogqirha. Ukuba ngummi omdala liye waqaphela abanako, isisu kuvumelekile phantsi ngokunyanzelwa komyalelo wenkundla. Eso sigqibo baya kuthatyathwa ngokusekelwe isicelo sifakwe yi imele abafazi. NgoJulayi 1, 2014 ukuseta isohlwayo inkqubo mthethweni. Siyifumane njenge mthetho.

Sengqondo karhulumente kunye noluntu

Ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo kuye kukho imbono ezahlukeneyo ekupheleni ukukhulelwa ngeendlela ngumntu. Sengqondo karhulumente kuluntu kuxhomekeke iimpawu inkqubo yezopolitiko, iimeko zentlalo noqoqosho kweli lizwe, lexinene kwinani labemi, iinkolelo zonqulo. In eminyaka 15-18. Nosipho ngokuba umbungu usebenzisa potions, okanye ngokubhekiswa umbelekisi umfazi enyanzeliswa phezu yokuvuma 5-15 iilitha. Kwisiqingatha sesibini kwenkulungwane ye-17. UMlawuli Alexis umthetho ekhethekileyo ukuvala isisu savunywa. Kuba ephula isohlwayo sokufa iye yamiselwa. UPetros, ehlile izohlwayo ngo-1715. Ngokutsho izibonelelo yamabanjwa ka 1845 lokuyeka ukukhulelwa bufanekiswa ntsana. Ngelo xesha netyala elaziwayo kunye nabafazi ngokwabo, yaye abo baye benza igalelo ekuphunyezweni nkqubo. Njengoko isohlwayo efakiweyo nzima iminyaka 4-10 ukuba ugqirha ukuya ekuthinjweni eSiberia, ebeka abafazi iziko lezoluleko ukuba iilitha 4-6. Ngokutsho Art. 1462 Ulozhenie uxanduva abaphula ukuthintelwa isisu, ukuba imisebenzi abaphumeleleyo, ndayihluthwa states kunye nolwalathiso kwiindawo ezikude. Xa eyeka ukukhulelwa yabangela nobungozi kwimpilo yomfazi, loo ndoda, ukuba nokuwuphumeza, oko yasabisa kwiminyaka 6-8 zomsebenzi onzima. Kulo mzekelo, ubukho medobrazovaniya bakhe ingqalelo njengemeko eyenza mandundu.

Utshintsho kwimithetho nemimiselo

Phambi kokuba revolution, yapasisa umthetho wokuvalwa isisu, ngokutsho apho, unina netyala lokubulala olungekazalwa, wajamelana ukuya trehh iminyaka ukuvalelwa endlwini ukulungiswa. Isohlwayo efanayo kubonelelwe nabani na ukuncedisa kule nkqubo. Kulo mzekelo, ukuba umntu abaphula umthetho wokuvalwa ukuqhomfa, wenza umbelekisi okanye kugqirha, inkundla ukuba ndinga- ubuchule sibaqhelisele ixesha leminyaka emihlanu kwaye kuzityhila isinqumo yayo. Isigwebo esilungiselelwe amaqela wesithathu, nokuba bathe bathatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo okanye ukulungiselela kuba ngemvume yomfazi okhulelweyo. Xa uxanduva umdla bonke abahleli, onikezela izixhobo eziyimfuneko kuthetha ukuba abulale umbungu. Ukuba uphazamiseko kwenzeka ngaphandle kwemvume mfazi, umenzi wobubi uya kuba yiminyaka 8 nzima. Engacingi isisu uxanduva hayi bekucingelwe.

Imeko emva revolution

Nokuza ku amandla kwiBolsheviks love ezamahala waba kubonwa njengesinye iimeko eziphambili ekukhululweni yabafazi. Xa kungekho ngexesha zokucwangcisa isimo sengqondo esinjalo usinike kubekho ukonyuka ngokukhawuleza kwenani niyimigqakhwe. Oku kwenza kube yimfuneko ukuba ukususa ban iyonke ngokuqhomfa. Ngenxa bonke abafazi abanomdla ukuphelisa ukukhulelwa zabo kwiziko ekhethekileyo simahla.

Ummiselo ka-1920

Ukuqhomfa owayevunyelwe kuphela esibhedlele zoluntu kunye ugqirha kuphela. Kuba nkqubo, oko kwanele yemvume kwabemi. Ngenxa yezizathu zempilo yokuba ilungelo:

• Abagula ngengqondo.
• mame (de umntwana 9 months.).
• Izigulane nangokurhala etsolo kidney, negcushuwa, isifo sentliziyo, isifo sephepha, 2 no-3 tbsp.

isisu Ukuvunyelwa isimo ekuhlaleni. Ukuze inkqubo nabo banelungelo lokuba:

• Omkhulu.
• abangatshatanga.
• Abahluphekayo.
• Udlwengulwe.
• Hayi ukuba indawo eyaneleyo yesakhiwo.
• Zothando udakiwe.
• Abo boyika ngumama.
• Abafumana ukungathandi kwindoda yakhe.
• Citizen, kunyanzeleke ukuba ngokufuthi njalo njalo.

Noko ke, ngo-1924 i setyhula ezizodwa sele sivunyiwe. Yena ukhawulela abafazi. Ngoko ke, ukususela ngoku kufuneka ukuba citizenesses ngayo ukunika imvume ekhethekileyo. Lona ngokusekelwe amaxwebhu afana:

• Certificate of ukukhulelwa.
• Certificate of ubume bomtshato.
• Olu xwebhu kwi yomvuzo.
• Isigqibo malunga nesifo.

izithintelo

Ngowe-1925, abantu amawaka abahlala kwizixeko ezikhulu, imisebenzi emalunga nama-6 amatyala ngokuqhomfa. Ilungelo ephambili inkqubo uphumezo esetyenziswa becala abasebenzi mveliso kunye nezityalo. Noko ke, kungekudala ixesha semthethweni isisu luvaliwe. ngcembe urhulumente eyandisiweyo ulawulo yayo phezu zonke iinkalo zoluntu. Ngo-1930, umbane eyangena lé zizale. umthetho wokuvalwa isisu samkelwe ngo-1926 ukuba amabhinqa kumitha okokuqala, ngokunjalo iqalise le nkqubo i ngaphantsi kweenyanga ezintandathu eyadlulayo. Ngo-1930, imali iye yaziswa ukuba umsebenzi. Ngo-1931, le nkqubo kuxabisa malunga 18-20 p, ngo-1933 -. 2-60 p, ngo-1935 -. 25-300 p. Kwiminyaka 1970-80-xx. abasetyhini abafumana 80-100 p. Mna, kuhlawulwa isisu 50 engange. Free ukuqhuba inkqubo alikwazanga ububi sephepha, schizophrenia, sokuwa, kwakunye benentliziyo isiphako naso.

ekuncipheni lokuzala

Ukwandisa inani iinkqubo isisu ezenzeka ngaxeshanye kunye zisiba mbi imeko demographic kweli lizwe. Kakade emva kweminyaka 4-5 emva kokuba semthethweni imisebenzi ukuzalwa yaqala ukuna ngokukhawuleza. Kulo mba thaca uyilo wokuvalwa isisu. Ngowe-1936 kwavunywa. Ngoku, ukuba waphula imiqathango ezisengozini nobutyala. Sekunjalo, isisu wavunyelwa ngezizathu. Ban isisu bathini wayenethemba ukuphucula imeko yezibalo. Ekubeni inzalo ngelo xesha zange isetyenziswe ngenxa ukungabikho kwabo, umlinganiselo okunene negalelo ekwandeni ukuchuma. Nangona kunjalo, eli candelo ezingundoqo kuqoqosho isithunzi waqalisa imisebenzi engekho mthethweni. izisu Criminal, ke ngoko, baye kuba yinto eqhelekileyo. Ngenxa yokuba ukuba imisebenzi badla zenziwa ngabantu abangenayo ezizodwa zemfundo, abasetyhini basoloko ukuba engazaliyo. Ukuba ufumana iingxaki ezinjalo ummi akakwazi ukubongoza kwikliniki karhulumente kwi kuba ugqirha kwafuneka ukuba ziziswe ukuba izakhiwo abanobuchule. Ngenxa yoko, umthetho wokuvalwa isisu eRashiya, kungekuphela akazange ukunceda ukwandisa izinga lokuzala, kodwa kwakhokelela ukunciphisa ngakumbi kuyo.

umthetho 1955

I Elawulayo USSR Council Ephakamileyo wathatha isigqibo sayo ukusebenza umlomo. Ukungqinelana ezivunyiweyo yi-Ndiwise umthetho, le nkqubo ivumela bonke abafazi ongabanga Izimo kuyo. Isisombululo kufuneka kwenziwe imisebenzi kuphela kumaziko zonyango ezikhethekileyo oogqirha. Oyilwayo lokuvala izisu kwiiklinikhi zabucala waqhubeka ukusebenza. Violators le mimiselo ezisengozini ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokukodwa, ugqirha kufuneka ndayihluthwa inkululeko ixesha lonyaka ukuya ku omnye, yaye ukuba isigulane wafa ngexesha utyando - ukuya kwiminyaka-8. Ngowe-1956, imiyalelo ezikhethekileyo ukulawula indlela yokusebenza sapapashwa. Ngowe-1961, kuxwebhu olumisiweyo wenza utshintsho, echaphazelekayo kunikezelo sheets yokukhubazeka.

nokubhalisa

Nangona semthethweni kwenxenye imisebenzi kweli lizwe uhlala imfuno likriwa iinkonzo zabucala. Oku kungenxa yokuba, kwafuneka ukuba umfazi emva inkqubo kubekho ixesha kwindawo yonyango. Emva kweli xesha yena ufumene incwadi kagqirha, nto leyo kwi "sifo" sathi 'isisu. " Asizizo zonke ummi wayefuna ukwenza uluntu iinkcukacha ubomi bakhe. Ngokumalunga noku, iinkonzo ezininzi ikhethwayo nawabucala. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngelixa amagqwetha ngazo kungenzeka lokuthath'indawo uxilongo ukuya 'kukwenzakala abathengi. " Loo isindululo isekelwe kwinto yokuba, efana isisu, oko singabandakanyi imbuyekezo lwentlalo. Lo mbono ke kule ndlela iye yasetyenziswa.

Imeko ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20

Ekuqaleni kuka-1980. ubomi kuye kwanda, leyo wavunyelwa ukuphelisa ukukhulelwa ukuya kwiiveki ezingama-24. Ngowe-1987 umsebenzi wavulwa izisu kwiiveki 28. Kwimeko yokugqibela, ukusebenza kwafuneka ukuba ukuthobela imiqathango ethile. Ngokukodwa, abafazi bavunyelwe ukuba isisu ukuba:

• Umyeni wam waba 1 okanye 2 grams. ukukhubazeka.
• Umlingane wafa ngexesha lokukhulelwa umfazi wakhe.
• Batshate ongatshitshiswayo.
• Ngomngane entolongweni.
• Umyeni / inkosikazi, okanye zombini kwaoko, ndayihluthwa amalungelo lobuzali okanye imiqathango kuzo.
• Ukukhulelwa emva kodlwengulo.
• Usapho na ubume enkulu.

ezingalaliswayo utyando (mini-isisu) - Ngo-1989, ezincamathelayo ngeminqweno iye yasonjululwa. Ngowe-1996 waba yayinqamlela ngokusesikweni olusikiweyo sokupheliswa ukukhulelwa ukuya kwiiveki 22. Ngelo xesha nye sinyuse uluhlu kwakuthethwa yentlalo le nkqubo. Olu luhlu luquka:

• Ukunqongophala kwezindlu.
• Isimo nabafuduki / bobumbacu.
• ingeniso yosapho Ukunqongophala (ngaphantsi ubuncinane subsistence).
• Isimo abangasebenziyo.
• Nezamuzhestvo.

Kufuneka ke ukuba umthetho yasekhaya nesigubungelo isisu, ingqalelo ehlabathini omnye kakhulu melo.

umkhuba

Yemimiselo ezikhoyo ndayishenxisa inqaku elawula ban isisu kwiiklinikhi zabucala. Ngaloo ndlela, waqhutywa uluhlu lwezifundo ukuba bakwazi ukubonelela ngeenkonzo kwezisu. Njengoko indlela esisiseko inkqubo owenza komlomo kunye curettage. Le ndlela ivunyiwe WHO lixesha. Noko ke, ngokutsho Federal Statistics State Service, ngo-2009, isabelo sayo yonke imisebenzi isisu 70% kwizibonelelo zempilo zikarhulumente. Kulo mzekelo, iindlela ekhuselekileyo ngakumbi - emoyeni Eskom kanye kwezisu lonyango - zisetyenziswa kuphela ngo-26.2% ne-3.8%, ngokulandelelana. Ngelo xesha, kwi non-karhulumente amaziko manani kubuyela ebutsheni. isisu Medical isetyenziswa-70% yamatyala.

izibalo

Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo ngokuqwalasela, ukususela ngowe-1990 inani elipheleleyo kwezisu lizwe ebegqwese esicuthiweyo nyaka ngamnye. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, ngo-2012, amatyala 1.063.982 kwanikwa ingxelo, kwaye ngo-2013 - sele 1012 399. Noko ke, izibalo ezo nzima nangakumbi ngumba ethathela ingqalelo kuphela kwiimeko ngumntu kwi-manani ezisemthethweni, kodwa isisu kulogo. Ukongezelela Rosstat, iziphumo zophando epapashwe yi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wezeMpilo. Noko ke, idatha yakutshanje abangathathi enkulu. manani Rosstat uthathe ingqalelo kuphela ulwazi amaziko zonyango subordinated kwi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa, kodwa namanye amasebe kunye arhente kunye nezibhedlele zabucala. Uninzi kwintengiselwano iwela amaziko oluntu (90%). kwiiklinikhi zabucala zimalunga-8% iinkqubo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukupheliswa yokukhulelwa kwenza abafazi abatshatileyo kwaye sele babe nabantwana 1-2. Le RT baphawula ukwanda yobudala avareji abasetyhini abaya kumaziko-28 ukuya kwiminyaka 29,37. Iingcali lolu nokonyuka nokubhala aselula ukuba kungenzeka ukuba ukusebenzisa izinto zokucwangcisa mihla. Oku, lineziphumo eyingenelo kucwangciso usapho.

Isisu kunye sabantu

Ukunciphisa inani kwezisu, nangona kade, kodwa kakhulu sizinzile namhlanje. Ivela ngokuchasene nentsukaphi yokunyuka icwangciswe komlinganiselo ukuzalwa kweli lizwe. Ngo-2007, inani ngonyaka kutshatwa ligqithe inani kwezisu. Umsantsa kuyaphela ukwandisa. Noko ke, iingcali ezichaza ukungabikho unxibelelwano ngqo kunye nenani iintengiselwano ukwandisa wenzala. Umzekelo, amanani phantsi 1990 baba ukuya 1993 ngexesha elifanayo. Ngokutsho izifundo yakutshanje, indima ephambili ekupheliseni ireyithi lokuzalwa zizinto zonke izenzo zokwabelana ngesondo kunye nomtshato. abafazi abaninzi kwiminyaka yabo nezenzala, musa tikarhatela ukuba oomama kuba uneqabane ngokusisigxina.

indlela karhulumente

Kukho unxulumano ikhankasela ukuvalwa isisu. Russian Federation - idemokhrasi lifuna ukuqinisekisa ulondolozo amalungelo nenkululeko yomntu nommi. Ngoko ke, imidlalo zoluntu, ibinzana kwamanqaku ezahlukeneyo mbono wamkelekile kweli lizwe. Kwiimeko ezininzi, abemi iyigcine isimo cala. Ngokubanzi, abemi akafuni ukuzibandakanya intshukumo ban isisu, kodwa ngokubanzi kukholelwa ukuba iinkqubo ezinjalo kuba nefuthe elibi kwimpilo yamabhinqa. Inxalenye zabemi inkxaso ukuqaliswa ethile. Ngokutsho uphando olwenziwe yi "Levada Centre", ngo-2007 57% ye belizwe ibivela isisu ban. Ngo-2010, inani labo yehle ukuya kuma-48%. Ngelo xesha kwiminyaka emithathu inani abaxhasi imisebenzi zokusombulula kuphela ngenxa yezizathu zokugula, lanyuka ukusuka-20 ukuya kwi-25%. A mxhasi azinikele le izisu yokuvalwa liye landa nge-1%. Ngo-2011, i-Duma State iye ingqalelo isicelo amanyathelo yokuthintela ilungelo baqhube imisebenzi. Ngokutsho portal Superjob, sibanjwe ukuba vo, 91% abemi inkxaso ukuqaliswa ingxelo olusisinyanzelo nemiphumo isisu, 45% ayexhasa ngakwicala kwabasetyhini zokumamela ukubetha umntwana esibelekweni, 65% kulungile ukunika umama okhulelweyo "Ixesha Cwaka" ukucinga malunga isigqibo sakhe. Ngelo xesha linye 63% yabaphenduleyo bakholelwa ukuba imfuneko ukunikezela imvume umyeni wakhe ukuba iqalise le nkqubo iya kukhokelela ekubeni ukwanda kumatyala imisebenzi engekho mthethweni phakathi izigulane abatshatileyo, 53% ibivela ngaphandle isisu ukusuka kuluhlu lweenkonzo medetsinskogo free.

Isilungiso ukuya ummiselo zamasekela ka Samara

Ngo-2013, iqela liphulo le projekthi yaqaliswa, njengoko apho kulindeleke ukuba ulungise Art. 35 lomThetho Federal elawula inkqubo ye-inshorensi yezonyango ezinyanzelekileyo. Ngokutsho utshintsho olucetywayo, isisu azibandakanywanga kuluhlu, iinkonzo free. Le Okungumahluko xa ukukhulelwa esongela ubomi mfazi. Kodwa bill babuyiselwa namabamba, ngo-ukungathotyelwa kunye nemigaqo h. 3 tbsp. 104 loMgaqo-siseko kunye Art. 105 leMigaqo uDuma State. Samara amasekela akazange afumane uluvo evela kurhulumente. Ezinye iinzame alithathwanga ukuba izilungiso.