Yintoni izinga yezemali Bank of Russia, yaye yintoni na ubukhulu bayo?

Yintoni izinga yezemali Bank of Russia? Le yinto exhalabisayo abanoqoqosho bamazwe kunye nabarhwebi, kwaye nkqu abameli kwicandelo logcino. Sinokuthi izinga limi ifomati imali unikezelo yi-Central Bank of the Russian Federation of amaziko zemali ezincinane. Central Bank inikeza mboleko kumaziko orhwebo mali, nto leyo bayababoleka ngabanye (abemi) kunye esemthethweni amaqumrhu (iinkampani, amashishini kunye nemibutho).

Izinga iqale ngo practice

Ukuze uqonde ngokupheleleyo oko ekukhutshweni kwemali Izinga Bank of Russia, cinga indlela lokusetyenziswa kwemali basis of intshukumo. amaziko ezemali Commercial uthathe imali CBR usematyaleni. Umzekelo, kwesigidi zeerandi. Emva konyaka, ifayini ilungu yenkqubo mali kufuneka ubuyisele CBR ukuboleka yezigidi zeerandi kunye nenzala ukusetyenziswa kwayo. Izinga mboleko yangoku Bank of Russia kwaye ngaleyo ipesenti ukuba kufuneka uhlawule ibhanki yorhwebo amancinci, ukongeza kwinqununu. Kulo nyaka, ngexesha iziko zemali encinane isebenzisa imali CBR, linika-mboleko ezinikwa abantu kunye namashishini phantsi ipesenti ukuba mboleko eziphezulu kakhulu. Umahluko phakathi umyinge wokuphelelwa Central Bank kunye nezinga lenzala imali unika isakhiwo yorhwebo, kwaye kukho inzuzo lokugqibela. mboleko Retail, nabo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba bafumana scheme yengeniso yabo.

Kutheni CBR ngeke isebenze ne ngabemi ngqo?

CBR akayi ukusebenza kunye nabantu abucala nasemthethweni ngqo kuba umthamo imicimbi yemali lincinci oku ngezigidi, kwaye nkqu amashumi kunye namakhulu ezigidi zeerandi. mali ezinjalo loosomashishini nje esingaphathekiyo. amaziko ezemali Small ukuxhasa umlamleli original kubume ukubolekisa yabemi. Amaziko zemali - lithuba lokuba imali. Abasebenzisi, ke, bafumana iinkonzo zemali kwizinga ngokusebenzisa inkqubo olunzulu amasebe kunye ofisi, phambi kwezakhiwo kunye nenani elikhulu-ATM. Ukucinga ukuba ubukhulu Bank of Russia rate mboleko iya kulingana ne-10%. Kulo mzekelo, uluntu kunye namashishini ziya kufumana mboleko phantsi-18%. Ngenxa yoko, zasebhange ziya kufumana inzuzo net kwi mali ka-8% yabo intlawulo epheleleyo yokusetyenziswa kwemali.

Kuvunyelwa xa abemi abo ngokuthi kukhutshwe ipesenti enkulu yemali iyonke?

amaziko ezemali Small boleka imali kwi-Central Bank ngomyinge wenzala ephantsi, kwaye sabantu bangadlulisela imali phantsi ipesenteji abafuna. Enyanisweni, kungenzeka onjalo ikhona. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka unikele ingqalelo kwakhona khuphiswano, nto leyo kutshanje uye kwicandelo Russian zemali phezu ukuqinisa. Too amazinga aphezulu umdla ukunqanda abathengi. Sele saxubusha ngento yokuba ekukhutshweni kwemali izinga Bank of Russia. Kuyenzeka ukuba i-odolo ezininzi sezingeni lingaphantsi koko ekhoyo ngummi eqhelekileyo kweli lizwe. Ngaphezu koko, izindululo zoninzi kwezakhiwo yorhwebo musa kwahluka kangako. Kukho iimeko emarikeni. Ngokomzekelo, amaziko zemboleko bazibandakanya yokubolekisa yabathengi kwiivenkile ezinkulu card credit, uyakwazi ukucwangcisa izinga ka-30 ukuya kuma-70%. Khangela abaxhasi ngokusekelwe kwingcingane abantu abafuna ukuthenga into. Ngabo, ngenxa yokunqongophala kwezinto zemali, ayavuma kwinzuzo intsebenziswano kangako.

Njani izinga mboleko?

Izinga mboleko ye-Central Bank of Russia bubonwa kuthathelwe ingqalelo izinto ezimbini. Le meko kanye yezoqoqosho kweli lizwe kunye nezinga lokwenyuka kwamaxabiso. Ngenxa yokwanda kwamandla emali kunye nezinga lokukhula. Ngokwehlisa kwamaxabiso lunciphe. Le meko kuqwalaselwa ukusuka kwelinye icala. Xa izinga lenzala Bank of Russia ekukhutshweni kwemali esezantsi, abemi unalo ithuba lokuphila iingenelo mboleko zexabiso eliphantsi. Le weerhafu kubo zivunyelwe kakhulu kweli xesha, abantu bayathanda ukuba ukusebenzisana, ngenxa yokuba bakwazi ukuthenga nantoni na abayifunayo, xa kuhlawulwe isixa esingaphezulu ubuncinane. iinzuzo ngamnye kunye namashishini ukuba bangacela inkxaso ukuze imisebenzi yabo. Ukuzibandakanya kwishishini imali "cheap" yenza kube lula ukuvelisa imithamo emikhulu iimveliso ukufumana enye imbuyekezo omkhulu ngokohlobo ukuphunyezwa kwayo.

Njengoko ireyithi ibonisa imeko yezoqoqosho karhulumente?

Izinga mboleko ye-Central Bank of the Russian Federation isebenza njenge uhlobo olubonisa imo yoqoqosho yesizwe nemigangatho zabantu zokuphila. Xa Ipesenti ephantsi mboleko ebantwini ivela esandleni inani elikhulu mali. Zakha imfuno enkulu yeempahla ngokunxulumene amathuba ukuthenga zabo. Ngenxa yoko, emva kwexesha iimpahla eqala ukuba ukwenyuka kwamaxabiso ngenxa yokunqongophala kwazo. Le meko usebenze kwamaxabiso. Le nkqubo wamaxabiso imali, ebonisa ithuba ukuthenga isixa ezahlukeneyo iimpahla inani elifanayo. emali Uninzi ibonisa ntle yabantu. Ukuba uphakamile lo kukoriwe, ezisezantsi phezulu umgangatho intlalo-ntle kunye nezikhalazo. Izinga mboleko ye-National Bank esoloko itshintsha, njengoko izinga lokwenyuka kwamaxabiso hlengiswe ngabo. Ukumisa uphelelo imali, ukunyuka izinga, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuba ukunyuka kwamaxabiso mboleko, ukunciphisa imfuno kwabo, yaye ukuba kukho ukuhla ngokuthenga ngamandla.

amazinga Unxibelelwano irhafu

Ukongeza liboleke abanye; izinga mboleko ye-Central Bank of the Russian Federation aza kusetyenziswa kwinkalo irhafu. Umzekelo, kufuneka enokuthethwa urhafiso yengeniso akhawunti idipozithi, inzala kuyo nongaphezulu kwizinga ekukhutshweni ezingaphezu kwe-5 ekhulwini amanqaku. Umzekelo, ukuba umlinganiselo ekukhutshweni kwemali iya kulingana ne-10% yaye izinga idipozithi ka-15%, akukho mfuneko yokuba ahlawule irhafu. Ukuba izinga idipozithi iya kulingana nama-20%, kuya kufuneka ukuba ahlawule irhafu kurhulumente kwi mali ka-35% ye-engange-5% kuloo dipozithi yakho.

amazinga Unxibelelwano kunye noxanduva lwabaqeshi

Xa ucinga ntoni ekukhutshweni kwemali Izinga Bank of Russia, kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye ukuba isebenza njengesixhobo, nto leyo isisiseko ukuqinisekisa imbuyekezo, ongenise umqeshwa kwi ukuhlawulwa kade umvuzo, xa kukho ukulibaziseka yokuthengisa okanye imali ekumele ahlawule abasebenzi xa ekugxothweni. Ngokuhambelana nomthetho Russian, umqeshi kufuneka ahlawule imali ngokupheleleyo ityala, apho idityaniswe imbuyekezo yemali, lwabalwa ngokususela le rate. akayi kuba ngaphantsi kwe 1/300 yereyithi ekukhutshweni kwemali suku ngalunye kokulibazisa. Isalathisi isetyenziselwa ekubaleni i-fayini, apho zindleko isohlwayo kwi lokubaleka ukuhlawula irhafu kunye nezinye iintlawulo.

Kota ku Russian

Imeko ekhoyo ehlabathini yenza imithetho yayo. Ingxaki yezoqoqosho ezimandundu kwanyanzeleka iibhanki ukuba eRashiya isicelo ngokuya uncedo lwemali kwi-Central Bank. Uboleka ukuvumela ukuba ukuthobela ngokupheleleyo kunye neemfanelo zayo kubathengi. Thabitha phantsi ekhulwini izakhiwo zorhwebo ebizwa mboleko. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala Russian Bank rate ekukhutshweni kwemali bafika ngo-1993. Kulo itshintshe ngendlela kangangeminyaka eli-10. IRussia ibisoloko wafuna ukuba nkulu ukuncipha kwale isalathiso, ukuya kutsho kwinqanaba lamazwe phambili. Ngokukodwa, eJapan izinga yi-0.1%, nto leyo ebonakalisa ngokupheleleyo kwinqanaba eliphezulu zophuhliso zikarhulumente. ERashiya, umyinge wenzala yi 8,25%, nto leyo ngamanani yahluke kuyaphi izinga of America, isimo kumazwe ezahlukahlukeneyo kakhulu.

Yintoni izinga ekukhutshweni kwemali, enyanisweni?

Ngethiyori, izinga ekukhutshweni kwemali eRashiya kuba sesona sixhobo sinamandla kakhulu lokuqhuba umgaqo wolawulo-mali. Tshintsha kufuneka yenziwe ukuze kulawulwe ubungakanani bemali, imali leyo unefuthe onke amazwe. Kuyenzeka ukuba uqaphele ukuba isixhobo ayisetyenziselwanga, ukususela utshintsho rate lokugqibela lwaqhutywa ngo-2012. Ayisebenzi endle yomgaqo-lawulo wemali, izinga wabeka istampu kwi-mali. Ulawulo isixa-mali kweli lizwe ngeendleko ezikhutshwayo. Enyanisweni, ubukhulu index yaye isixa-mali - yexabiso kakhulu non-unabanye. Ukuze athi ngakumbi, ukuba phantse malunga ngokupheleleyo kwaye ibonisa omnye nomnye. umhlaziyi abaninzi ukubona ingxaki imeko nokungaphuhliseki njengoko amazinga kunye neemfuno reserve. amashishini Nokuba ke ngokuboleka imali Central Bank, eliqala ngomhla olunye-repo. Ngokutsho kwesi salathisi ezikhutshiweyo mboleko ezinikwa abantu kunye nemibutho esemthethweni. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba izinga mboleko ayikho ngaphezu umthetho, isixhobo declarative, hayi ngokubonelela nempembelelo entle kwi-nkqubo wemali karhulumente.