Yintoni Incwadi Red? Yintoni luncedo kukodwa amabhere?

Umntu uyinxalenye yendalo, kodwa ngenxa yesizathu esithile ivame ulibele. Amaninzi, okusingqongileyo nje ukubandezeleka phezu kwabantu ngokwabo ophilileyo. imibutho emininzi yamazwe ngamazwe, ubukho apho thina singayenziyo yokumkrokrela uzama ukukhusela uluntu, ngumzali, ukusuka ngokwakhe.

Yintoni IUCN ukwenza intlangano

Inani leenkampani zokusingqongileyo ziquka i-International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN elifinyeziweyo. Wadala ne UNESCO supply ngo-1948 yaye yenye zehlabathi inkulu non-ngeniso kunye nombutho ozimeleyo. Phakathi iimpapasho ezininzi epapashwe yi-Union - Red Book. Ewe, ewe, ngokufanayo, ubukho apho sifunda esikolweni, yaye ekugqibeleni - ukulibala. Yintoni i-International Red Book? Ngoko umthetho, alinayo nayiphi na igunya lomthetho, uhlala nje nezincomo ezo kumazwe apho kukho isoyikiso zasendle. Uxwebhu lomgaqo-nkqubo we IUCN, eyaba igosa ngowe-1979, le "World Conservation Strategy". IUCN - Lo mbutho mdala, le nto ndiyibhalayo 78 States kunye, phakathi kwezinye izinto, 12,000 izazinzulu kunye neengcali ezivela ehlabathini lonke. I-Red Book ngamazwe obekwe uluhlu olupheleleyo lwazo zonke iintlobo ezinqabileyo nencinci kakhulu enezityalo nezilwanyana.

Ukuba ukufikelela kwi nqanaba liphezulu ngamazwe, Nature Conservation Union ukulungele ukusebenzisana naye nawuphi na umntu, umbutho okanye iqela lamavolontiya, ogama imisebenzi ziquka ulondolozo kunye nokukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo. Eyona njongo iphambili ye-IUCN - enkulu kangangoko kwaye ifikeleleke ngakumbi ukuba izimvo zabo lonke uluntu, ngenxa yoko, ukuphucula inkqubo yokhuseleko uhlobo, nokuba kwezopolitiko kunye umahluko ekuhlaleni.

Yintoni i Incwadi Red

Ingcamango kokupapashwa ncwadi, nto leyo iza kuqokelelwa zonke iintlobo ezisengozini lezilwanyana kunye nezityalo yaba ixesha elide, ngoko ke kamsinya nje ezenziwa IUCN, kwiintlobo ezinqabileyo zemvelo, iKomishini iye yaqala ukuphuhlisa le ncwadi. USihlalo Peter Scott ikhomishini wacela ukubiza kuye "Red" kwaye isiciko ukwenza umbala ofanayo - umqondiso ukuba indalo le ziphantsi kwesoyikiso yokutshabalala. Ukuze umbala kanye itayitile yencwadi wenza abantu bacinga sengqondo engalunganga ngayo indalo, intshabalalo yayo singamaqaba.

Yintoni Incwadi Red? Ngenjongo ukulondoloza ihlabathi elisingqongileyo, i-International Union for Conservation of Nature ngo-1963 yapapasha Red Book, leyo zaqokelelwa kakhulu enqabile iintlobo zezilwanyana. Uhlelo wajika kwagqama voluminous - imiqulu ezimbini, kodwa kwasasazwa yayincinane kakhulu, kwaye abanini iikopi yokuqala kwaba kuphela Abalawuli ezithile kunye izazinzulu abadumileyo.

Ngokuthe ngcembe kwakukho utshintsho kubunjani ... The Book Red ukuba iprintwe izihlandlo ezine (phambi 1980). Ngeli xesha ngendlela eyothusayo aphumileyo iintlobo 14 izilwanyana, iintaka, ezirhubuluzayo, intlanzi kunye eziphila. Ukuba ezinye iintlobo kunye zenyathi izilwanyana, iintaka kunye ezirhubuluzayo ziye zabuyiselwa, intlanzi kunye eziphila akukho luck.

Umbala nomfuziselo

Inkcazo "oko Red Book" anokufunyanwa nayiphi encyclopedia okanye isichazi-magama. Le ncwadi engaqhelekanga into yokuba amaphepha ayo abe ngombala owahlukileyo, kuxhomekeke kudidi ebhalwe kuxwebhu ethile kweentlobo okanye zenyathi enezityalo nezilwanyana. Kuba lula zonke iintlobo zihlukaniswe ziboniswe ezi mpawu zilandelayo:

1. umbala Black:

• EX - extinct;
• W. - isagciniwe nangoku, kodwa aphile ekuthinjweni.

2. Red - ezisemngciphekweni wokuphela:

• CR - indawo ezibalulekileyo;
• EN - phantsi isisongelo lokutshabalala;
• VU - abasengozini kakhulu.

3. A eluhlaza - ingozi ephantsi:

• CD - ungalahleka ngaphandle kokunikezela amanyathelo ayimfuneko yokhuselo;
• NT - sele kufutshane iqela "abasemngciphekweni";
• LC - ingozi apho, kodwa ubuncinane.

Yintoni Red Book of Russia

Uhlelo lokuqala "Red Book USSR" malunga 1978 .. Kamva waqalisa ukupapasha i Iincwadi Red Data esingumzekelo seeRiphablikhi Union, zibakhethe mimandla kakhulu bakhathazeka kunye neendawo.

ifuthe Human kwindalo kwimimandla unabantu abaninzi eRashiya yajika kangangokuba iintlobo ezithile zezilwanyana nezityalo kwaba into leyo ngaphantsi - bathe shwaka ngokupheleleyo ebusweni bomhlaba. ukhenketho - umzekelo, izilwanyana kanye elikhulu babehlala kummandla Russia. Aba bantu, ngathi iinyathi ezikhule kakhulu, ukuphakama kwawo kwi ibunile yafikelela kwiimitha ezimbini. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuba ixhoba awayesibawela abazingeli. Inani kucinywe lehla ngokukhawuleza kunjalo, amagosa ka Tsarist Russia bahlabe umkhosi, yaye wakhupha ummiselo kukhuseleko yezi zilwanyana kunye ukuvalwa namadlelo azo okuzingela kwesikhulu. Kodwa zange ukunceda, yaye ukhenketho babengasekho.

Bebonke isiphelo sinye wehlelwa wayesisalamane Przewalski amahashe - tarpan. Babehlala emathafeni kunye ihlathi emathafeni Russia, kodwa bahlali baqalisa ukuba balime ilizwe, kungasali amathuba okusinda Tarpanam. Ukuba akukho Reserve "Bialowieza Forest" lasekwa, inyathi ebeya ubunzima bebonke isiphelo sinye. Uluhlu izilwanyana extinct eRashiya kuyaqhubeka kukhula, ngelishwa. Kwaye ngoku, iintlobo-22 sele kusecicini wokutshabalala, iintlobo-25 zeentaka, omnye esirhubuluzayo, iintlobo ezintathu zeentlanzi, ezingenamqolo-16, yaye izityalo malunga nekhulu.

Ngokwesiseko uMthetho Federal "Kwi Environmental Protection" (1991) kunye "On Wildlife" (1995) nayo yapapashwa ngo-2001 "I-Red Book of the Russian Federation:. Animals '

Ngoku ke Red Book of Russia luxwebhu olusemthethweni kwi isengozini zezilwanyana nezityalo, apho 533 zisemngciphekweni yokutshabalala.

Yintoni Incwadi Red of Plants

Uhlelo zokuqala ezintlanu Book Red nikela kuphela ukuba izilwanyana ezisengozini kwaye kunqabile zezilwanyana, yaye ukususela ngowe-1963 iye yapapashwa Red Book of izityalo. Ukususela ngelo xesha inkcazelo 'into iNcwadi Red ", ukutshintsha umgca apho ekhanknywe kuloo uluhlu zazenziwe kuphela isilwanyana, kodwa lwemvelo

Inani ofayo izityalo banda ngesantya kangangokuba namhlanje kwiNcwadi Olubomvu kwaba nkqu nabo yezityalo kutshanje wakhulela yonke kwiindawo ezinkulu. Ezi sele phakathi Galanthus nivalis, cornflower Dubyansky, Corydalis Marshall et al.

Yintoni Red Book beendidi? Icandelo wavuma eRashiya

1. Udidi 0. Eli qela libandakanya ezo iintlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana, ezingaphunyezwanga ibonwe. Igama leqela - "mhlawumbi extinct".

2. Udidi 1. Ezi ntlobo bafikelele ubungakanani kakhulu, kusenokwenzeka ukuba babale nganye nganye. Oku izilwanyana ezisengozini (omnye wabo yi ingwe yaseSiberia.) Nezityalo.

3. Udidi 2 lifinyele ngenani. Banako nangaliphi na ixesha bangene kwelinye iindidi ezimbini zokuqala, ukuba anithanga wababeka kummandla okhuselweyo ngenxa kolawulo olungqongqo manani. Ummeli eli qela kukho idada Mandarin.

4. Isigaba sesithathu - iintlobo ezinqabileyo. Baya bahlala kwiindawo limited yaye unamandla amancinane. Kutshanje, kwi namadlelo Slipper nenekazi abamangali nabani, kunye nabantu eziqokelelweyo izixa, besonwabela ubuhle bayo engaqhelekanga. Ngoku a neentlobo ezinqabileyo.

5. Udidi 4 ayinabume. Ezi ntlobo apho iingcali kuphela uyazi; ukuba akhawunti izityalo 10 kuphela kunye nabameli 40 izilwanyana.

6. Udidi 5. Iintlobo eli qela nemihlali nje intliziyo. bona "ukubuyisela okanye ukuntshula" ebizwa. Ngenxa yemigudu, ezinye iintlobo ukususa ukusindisa.

7. Udidi 6. yeyona ezininzi konke oku kungentla. Bephantsi kolawulo olungqongqo kunye kweliso lomntu.

Ngoku siyazi into Book oluBomvu. Kuphela eqonda imiphumo sengqondo kwabathengi malunga nendalo, sinokufunda ukuze, xa izityalo kunye nezilwanyana musa ashiye ilizwe lethu, kunye Red Book wephepha.