Yintoni idizili? Imigaqo yokusebenza, ilungiselelo kunye nezobugcisa ze-injini ye-dizeli

Iinjineli ze-Diesel ziqhelekile kwiimoto zokuhamba. Uninzi lwemodeli ubuncinane ukhetho olulodwa kwisixhobo seenjini. Kwaye oku kungakhange kuthathelwe ingqalelo iilori, iibhasi kunye nezixhobo zokwakha, apho zisetyenziswa kuyo yonke indawo. Ukongezelela, kuthathwa ukuba yintoni injini ye-dizeli, ukuyila, ukusebenza, iimpawu.

Inkcazo

Le yunithi iyinjini yangaphakathi yokuqhuma i-piston, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kusekelwe ekutshweni kombane we-fuel atomised from heating or compression.

Impawu zoKwakha

Injini ye-petroli inezinto ezifanayo zesakhiwo njengoko idizili. Inkqubo yokusebenza ngokubanzi nayo iyafana. Ukwahlukana kwinkqubo yokwakhiwa kwengxube-moya nomoya kunye nomlilo. Ukongeza, iinjini ze-dizeli ziindawo eziqinileyo. Oku kubangelwa phantse kabini ukulinganisa okuphezulu kunokuba kweenjini zepetroli (19-24 malunga ne-9-11).

Ukwahlula

Ngokwakhelo lwegumbi lokutsha, iinjini ze-dizeli zihlukaniswe zibe ziintlobo ezihlukeneyo kunye neklasi elitshatyalaliswayo kunye ne-injection.

Kwimeko yokuqala, igumbi lokufudumala lihlukaniswe kwisilinda kwaye lixhunywe kuyo ngomzila. Ngexesha loxinzelelo, umoya oya kwikamelo le-vortex uphazamisekile, ophucula umxube wokuxuba kunye nokuzibulala, okuqala apho kwaye kuqhubeka kwigumbi eliphambili. Iinjisi ze-Diesel zale ndlela zazihanjiswe ngaphambili kwiimoto zabagibeli ngenxa yokuba zaye zahlula ngezinga eliphantsi lezandi kunye nenqanaba elikhulu lezantya ukusuka kwiinketho ezibhekiselwe ngezantsi.

Kwiinjini ze-dizeli ezinobungozi ngqo, igumbi lokufudumala elisepiston, kwaye uphethiloli unikezelwa kwindawo engasentla-piston. Olu qulunqo lwalusetyenziswa ngokusesikweni kwiimoto ezisezantsi ezisezantsi. Baye bahluke kwiqondo eliphezulu lezandi kunye nokugubha kunye nokusetyenziswa kwepetro ephantsi. Kamva, ngokuza kweepompo zamandla eziphambili zogesi kunye nokulawulwa kwekhompyutheni nokulungiswa kwenkqubo yokutshayela, abaqulunqi bafikeleleke ukusebenza ngokuzinzileyo kwi-4500 rpm. Ukongezelela, ukwanda koqoqosho, ukunciphisa ingxolo kunye namanqanaba okunyakaza. Phakathi kwamanyathelo okunciphisa uxinzelelo lomsebenzi - amanqanaba amaninzi ngaphambi kokujova. Ngenxa yoko, ii-injini zale ndlela ziye zasasazeka kwiminyaka emibini edluleyo.

Ngokomgaqo wokusebenza, iinjini ze-dizeli zihlukaniswe zibe zine-stroke kunye ne-double-stroke, kunye neenjini zepetroli. Impawu zabo zixutyushwa ngezantsi.

Umgaqo wokusebenza

Ukuqonda ukuba idilesili yintoni kunye nokuba yiyiphi impawu esebenza ngayo, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela umgaqo wokusebenza. Uluhlu olukhankanywe ngentla lwangaphakathi lwee-injini zomsakazo lusekelwe kwinani lemijikelezo engena kumjikelezo osebenzayo, owaziwayo ngokubaluleka kwe-angle yokujikeleza kwe-crankshaft.

Ngenxa yoko, umjikelezo womsebenzi weejini ezine-stroke iquka izigaba ezine.

• Inlet. Ivela xa i-crankshaft iguqulwa ukusuka kwi-0 ukuya kwi-180 °. Ngelo xesha, umoya uyadlula kwi-cylinder ngokusebenzisa i-valve yokungena, evulekileyo kwi-345-355 °. Ngxeshanye kunye nalo ngexesha lokujikeleza kwe-crankshaft ngo-10-15 ° ivulovu yokukhupha ivuliwe, ebizwa ngokuba yi-overlap.
• Ukunyanzeliswa. I-piston, ishukunyuka phezulu ukuya kwi-180-360 °, iphoxisa umoya ngamaxesha angama-16-25 (uxinzelelo lwe-compression), kwaye i-valve yokungena ivala ekuqalekeni kwesibalo (ngo-190-210 °).
• Ukubetha, ukunyuka. Ivela kwi-360-540 °. Ekuqaleni kwebar, ngaphambi kokuba ipiston ifinyelele kwisibhedlele esiphumayo, umbane uphelelwa umoya oshisayo kwaye uphelelwe. Lo mbandela weenjini ze-dizeli, ukuwahlula kwi-petroli, apho kukho ukutshaya komlilo. Iimveliso ezivuthayo zitshisa ipiston phantsi. Ngexesha elifanayo, ixesha lokutsha komlilo lilingana nexesha elijoyiweyo yi-injection kwaye alihlali ixesha elingaphezulu kwexesha lokusebenza kwesifo. Okokuthi, ngexesha lokusebenza, uxinzelelo lweegesi luhlala luqhubeka, ngenxa yoko iinjini ze-diesel zakha i-torque enkulu. Olunye uphawu olubalulekileyo lwama-motor luyimfuneko yokubonelela umoya ogqithiseleyo kwi-cylinder, kuba ilangabi lithatha inxalenye encinane yegumbi lokutsha. Oko kukuthi, inani le-mix-air mix mix.
• Ukukhutshwa. Ku-540-720 ° ukujika kwi-crankshaft evulekileyo i-piston ye-valve yokukhupha, ekhuphukela phezulu, ikhupha i-gases.

Umjikelezo womjikelezo womibini ubonakaliswe ngamanyathelo atshwankathelo kunye nenkqubo enye yokutshintshwa kwegesi kwi-cylinder (ukuqhuma) okuvela phakathi kokuphela kwesifo sokusebenza kunye nokuqala koxinzelelo. Xa i-piston ihamba phantsi, iimveliso eziqhumayo zisuswe kwiimvenge ezitshatyalaliswayo okanye iifestile (kwidonga le-cylinder). Kamva, iifestile zokungenisa umoya ovulekileyo ziyavulwa. Xa i-piston iphakama, zonke iifestile zivaliwe, kwaye uqala ukuxinzezela. Kancinci ngaphambi kokufikelela kwi-TDC, i-fuel ishiyiwe kwaye igalelwe, ukuqala kwandisa.

Ngenxa yobunzima bokuqinisekisa ukuhlanjululwa kwegumbi le-vortex, ii-injini ezimbini zokubetha ziphela nje nge-injection ngqo.

Ukusebenza kweenjini ezinjalo ziyi-1.6-1.7 izihlandlo eziphezulu ngaphezu kweempawu ze-injini ye-diesel. Ukukhula kwalo kubonelelwa ngokuphindwe kabini ukuphunyezwa kokuhamba komsebenzi, kodwa kuncitshiswe ngokuncinci ngenxa yobuncinane babo kunye nokuhlanjululwa. Ngenxa yenani eliphindwe kabini lemivimbo yokusebenza, umjikelo we-push-pull usebenza ngokukodwa kwisiganeko ukuba akunakwenzeka ukwandisa isantya sokujikeleza.

Ingxaki ebalulekileyo yeenjini ezinjalo kuhlaselwa ngenxa yexesha elifutshane, elingenakho ukuhlawulwa ngaphandle kokunciphisa ukusebenza ngokunciphisa isisindo sokusebenza. Ukongezelela, akunakwenzeka ukwahlula umbane kunye nomoya omtsha, ngenxa yokuba iyiphi inxalenye yokugqibela isuswa kunye negesi yokukhupha. Le ngxaki ingasombululwa ngokuqinisekisa ukuba iifestile eziphumayo ziphelile. Kule meko, iigesi ziqala ukususwa ngaphambi kokucocwa, kwaye emva kokuvala ukukhupha, i-cylinder incediswa ngomoya omtsha.

Ukongeza, xa usebenzisa enye isilinda, kukho ubunzima kunye neefestile zokuvulwa / zokuvala ii-synchrone, ngoko kukho iinjinjini (PDP), apho isilinda ngasinye sineepiston ezimbini ezihamba kwindiza efanayo. Omnye wabo ulawula ukutyiwa, enye-ukukhululwa.

Ngendlela yokuphunyezwa, ukuhlanjululwa kwahlula kwi-slot (iwindow) kunye ne-valve-slotted one. Kwimeko yokuqala, iiifestile zisebenzela izivulo zombini kunye nokuvula. Inketho yesibini ithatha ukusetyenziswa kwabo njengamachweba angenayo, kwaye ukuphuma kwinqwelo e-intloko ye-cylinder.

Ngokuqhelekileyo ii-diesel eziphazamisayo ezimbini zisebenza kwizithuthi ezinzima njengeenqanawa, ii-diesel locomotives, iitanks.

Inkqubo yepetrole

Izixhobo zombane zeenjini ze-diesel ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunokuba i-petroli. Oku kubangelwa iimfuno eziphezulu zokuchaneka kokunikezelwa kwexesha ngexesha, ubuninzi kunye noxinzelelo. Izixhobo eziphambili ze-fuel fuel - ipompu yamanzi, i-injection, icebo.

Inkqubo yokubonelela ngombane nge-computer-elawulwa yi-Common-Rail) isetyenziswa kakhulu. Uyilungisa kwiindawo ezimbini. Eyokuqala kwezi zinto zincinci, ezenza ukwandisa izinga lokushisa ekamelweni lokutshayela (ngaphambi kokujova), okunciphisa ingxolo kunye nokunyakaza. Ukongezelela, le nkqubo ikhulisa i-torque ngo-25% ngexabiso eliphantsi, iyanciphisa ukusetyenziswa kombane ngama-20% kunye nomxholo wesobho wegesi zokukhupha.

Turbocharging

Iinjini ze-Diesel zixhaphaza kakhulu. Oku kubangelwa amaxesha aphezulu (1.5-2) amaxinzelelo okugcoba i-gesi, engabonakaliyo i-turbine, evimbela i-turbojack, ekuboneleleni ngokunyusa kwi-revs ephantsi.

Isiqalo seCold

Unokufumana amanqaku amaninzi malunga nokunyuka kwamaqondo okushisa aphantsi kwedelesi. Ubunzima bokuqala loo mafutha kwiimeko ezibandayo kuba ngenxa yokuba oku kufuna amandla amaninzi. Ukuququzelela inkqubo, baxhotyiswe ngeholide. Le fowuni imelwa ngamacwecwe avulekileyo asemagumbini avuthayo, okuthi, xa utshaya lucima, luvutha umoya kuwo kwaye lusebenza imizuzwana engama-15-25 emva kokuqala ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kweemoto ezingenashushu. Ngenxa yoko, iinjini ze-dizeli ziqala kumaqondo aphezulu -30 ...- 25 ° С.

Iinkonzo zenkonzo

Ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza ngexesha lokusebenza, kufuneka ukwazi ukuba idizili yintoni nendlela yokuyigcina ngayo. Ukuxhaphaka ngokuthe ngqo kweenjini ezibhekiselele kumbuzo ngokuthelekiswa nepetroli kuchazwa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukugcinwa okunzima ngokwengeziwe.

Okokuqala, oku kusebenza kwi-system ye-fuel-complex complexity system. Ngenxa yoko, iinjini ze-dizeli zixhalabele kakhulu kumxholo wamanzi kunye namaqhekeza omatshini kwi-fuel, kwaye ukulungiswa kwayo kubiza kakhulu, njengoko injini iyonke ifaniswa ne-petroli yezinga elifanayo.

Kwimeko ye-turbine, iimfuno ezikumgangatho weoli ye-injini nazo ziphezulu. Isixhobo saso sisoloko sikhilomitha ezili-150, kwaye iindleko ziphezulu.

Kwimeko nayiphi na, kwiijini ze-diesel, ioli kufuneka iguqulwe kaninzi ngaphezu kwepetroli (2 amaxesha ngokwemiqathango yaseYurophu).

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, ezi zixhobo zineenkathazo zokuqala ezibandayo, xa i- diesel ingaqalwanga kwiqondo eliphantsi . Kwezinye iimeko, oku kubangelwa ukusetyenziswa kwepetroli ezingafanelekanga (kuxhomekeke kwangexesha, ama-grade ahlukeneyo asetyenziswa kule iinjine, njengoko ihlobo laseburhulumenteni likhululeka kumaqondo atshisayo aphantsi).

Iimpawu zokusebenza

Ukongeza, abaninzi abayithandi umgangatho weenjini ze-dizeli, ezifana namandla angaphantsi kunye neentlobo zokusebenza kwejubane, izinga eliphezulu lezandi kunye nokunyakaza.

Injini ye-petroli ngokuqhelekileyo iqhelekile ekusebenzeni, kubandakanywa amandla okubhala, i-diesel efanayo. Injini yaloo hlobo inemigangatho ephezulu nangaphezulu. Ukwanda koxinzelelo, okwenzela i-torque enkulu, kukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kweendawo ezinamandla. Ekubeni banzima, amandla ancipha. Ukongeza, oku kuchaphazela ubunzima benjini, kwaye ngenxa yoko, imoto.

Uluhlu olutshanje lokusebenza ngokukhawuleza lubangelwa ukutshaya kwamanzi amaninzi, ukwenzela ukuba ngokukhawuleza okuphezulu akanalo ixesha lokutshisa.

Izinga lokunyusa kunye nokudakalisa kubangele ukwanda ngokukhawuleza kwengcinezelo kwisilinda ngexesha lokutshaya.

Iinjongo eziphambili zedizili ziphezulu kwi-tyagovitost, ubuchule kunye nobungani bemvelo.

Ubunzima, oko kukuthi, i-torque ephezulu kwii-revs ephantsi, ngenxa yokushisa kwamafutha njengoko ijojowe. Oku kunikeza ukuphendula okukhulu kwaye kuququzelela ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwamandla.

Uqoqosho lubangelwa kokusetyenziswa okuphantsi kunye nokuba i-diesel fuel is cheaper. Ukongeza, kunokwenzeka ukusebenzisa amafutha amaninzi aphantsi njengokuba kungabikho kweemfuneko eziqinileyo zokungabi nantoni. Kwaye i-fuel is too heavy, ephakamileyo ukusebenza kweenjini. Ekugqibeleni, iinjini ze-diesel zisebenza kwimimandla engalunganga xa kuthelekiswa neenjini zepetroli kunye neqondo eliphezulu lokunciphisa. Olu lugqithiso lunikeza ukulahleka okuncitshiswa kancinci ngegesi zokukhupha, oko kukuthi, ukusebenza kakuhle. Zonke ezi nyathelo zinciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi. I-Diesel, ngenxa yoko, ichitha 30-40% ngaphantsi.

Ubuhlobo bendalo bendawo ye-dizeli buchazwa kukuba i-gas exhaust iqukethe i-carbon monoxide encinane. Oku kufezekiswa ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yokucoca i-intanethi, ngoko ngoku i-injini ye-petroli iyahlangabezana nemilinganiselo efanayo yemvelo njenge-diesel. Imoto yale hlobo yayingaphantsi kwexabiso le petroli kule nkalo.

Isicelo

Njengoko kucacile oko idizayeli kunye nokuba yiyiphi impawu zayo, loo mafutha afanelekileyo kulawo matyala xa kuphakanyiswe phezulu kwi-rpm efunekayo. Ngoko ke, zixhotyiswe phantse zonke iibhasi, iilori kunye nezixhobo zokwakha. Ngokubhekiselele kwizithuthi ezizimeleyo, phakathi kwazo iiparameter zibaluleke kakhulu kwiSUVs. Ngenxa yenzuzo ephakamileyo yalezi zixhobo, iimodeli zasezidolophini zixhotyiswe. Ukongeza, zikulungele ukulawula kwiimeko ezinjalo. Uvavanyo oluqhuba ii-diesel iinjini zifakazela oku.