Yenza umdlalo wokuhlaziya: isakhiwo nemisebenzi

Ulwazi oluvela kwihlabathi langaphandle lubonwa ngongqondo. Ngombulelo umsebenzi wabo okhethiweyo, umzimba womntu uyakwazi ukuphendula ngokwaneleyo kuzo zonke iinguqu kwimimandla. Isiphumo sokuphela komsebenzi wezitho zengqondo, oko kukuva, ukubona, ukuvumba, ukunambitheka, ukuqonda okuchukumisayo kunye ne-vestibular device kubonakala kweemvakalelo kunye nokuqatshelwa kwezinto eziyimpumelelo.

Umfuphi wezilwanyana waseRussia IP Pavlov wamisela ukuba amaziko e-cortical yenkohlakalo athatha inxaxheba ekubunjweni kwemvakalelo, ukuxolisa okuvela kubalamkeli beemvalo eziphelile ngeentsholongwane ze-centripetal. Iinkqubo, eziqulethwe ngamacandelo e-cortex ye-cerebral kunye nokuqhuba iindlela-iingxaki kunye nama-receptors, wabiza i-analyzers, okanye iinkqubo zengqondo. Umhlalutyi wenkcazo obunomsebenzi kunye nemisebenzi echazwe yimiba yayo ye-anatomical ne-morphological iya kufundiswa kweli nqaku.

Indlela yokubonakala kweentlobo zengcamango

Cishe zonke izinto ezisetyenziswe ngathi njengokutya zinomdla. Kwi-physics, kukho izinto ezi-4 eziphambili ezithandwayo: ezinomdla, ezinwabukrakra, ezikrakthi kunye nosawoti, imbono kunye nokwahlukana kwento eyenziwa ngumhlalutyi wenkcazo. Ukutya kunokuchazwa nje ngombono wee-molecule zamakhemikhali ezenza ukutya, ama-receptors asemlonyeni naselwimi. Ukuze uqonde ukuba yintoni umsebenzi ohlaziyiweyo wokuhlaziya, masibuyele kwisifundo saso sakhiwo. Ngoko, makhe sibone indlela le ndawo yomzimba wethu ibonakala ngayo.

Amasebe omhlalutyi wenkcazo

Emzimbeni wethu kukho iinkqubo ezizodwa ezijongene nokuva, ukubona, ukuvumba, iimvakalelo ezintle. I-analyzer ingcamango, isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi esiyifunayo, inezigaba ezintathu. Iyokuqala ibizwa ngokuba yi-pipiphar, okanye i-receptor. Iyabona ngokuqondile imimiselo engqongileyo, ebangela ukuba i-currents ephosakeleyo ekupheleni kweentsholongwane ezitshintsha zibe yimpembelelo ye-bioelectric.

Zithunyelwa kwicandelo lesibini le-analyzer-conductor. Imelelwe yinkalo ehambelanayo. Ngokwale nto, ukuxolisa kungena kwinxalenye yecandelo le-analyzer, inxalenye ethile yengqondo, apho kwakhiwa ukubonwa kweentlobo.

Iimpawu zepheriphery

I-analyzer ingqinisiso, njengoko kwakushiwo ngaphambili, iqulethwe ngamacandelo amathathu. Cinga ngeenkcukacha ezingaphezulu kwi-receptor, okanye kwiphondo lendlela. Imelelwa yi-chemoreceptors ezibona i-stimuli ngendlela yemichiza eyahlukahlukeneyo, kwaye iyaziqonda ngamandla, umgangatho (ukuziphatha ngendlela) kunye nokuqina. I-Hemoretseptory inxalenye yeengcamango zengcamango, okanye ama-bulbs, athetha umlomo nolwimi. Iziphelo zesisu ezinomdla wokunambitha okunesonka ziphezu kweelwimi kunye nemida yayo, zibe zibuhlungu - engcambu yolwimi, ukuya kumnandi - kwi-tip, ukuya kumuncu - kwimida.

I-bud bud ngokwayo ayihambi ngqo kwi-membrane yolwimi yolwimi, kodwa inxulumene nayo ngexesha lexesha. I-chemoreceptor nganye iqulethe kwi-40 ukuya kwi-50 villi. Iimeko ezenza uxhumano lokutya kwaye zibacaphukise, ukwenzela ukuba kwinqanaba le-peripheral le-sensory system yinkqubo yokucaphukisa, okuba yinto yokuzonwabisa. Xa uneminyaka yobudala, ebantwini, umyinge weentsikelelo zengqondo uyanyuka, oko kukuthi, ukukwazi ukubona iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezicabha ziyacinywa.

Kwizilwanyana, uvelwano lwe-taste analyzer alutshintshi ngobudala, ngaphezu koko, ubudlelwane obuphakathi kwenkcenkcesho kunye neenkqubo ezinobungqina bukhulu kakhulu kubo. Ngokomzekelo, kwiikati, ukunambitha ama-receptors (i-Jacobson tubes) nazo ziphelela ekuphelelweni kwamagulane, okubangela ukucalulwa kobuqhetseba obuninzi kumgangatho wokutya.

Inxalenye yomqhubi isebenza njani?

Ukuqhubela phambili ukufundisisa amacandelo omhlalutyi wenkcazo, siza kuqwalasela indlela iimpembelelo zeentsholongwane ezivela kwi-chemoreceptors zingafikelela ngayo ingqondo. Ukwenza oku, kukho inxalenye yomqhubi. Imelelwe yimida yendlela enye. Iquka imizwa emininzi: ubuso, i-lingopharyngeal, ukuthuka kunye neelwimi. Ngaloo nto izimpembelelo zesibindi zingena kwinxalenye yengqondo-i- medulla oblongata kunye nebhuloho, kwaye ukusuka kuyo iya kwi-thalamus ebonakalayo kwaye ekugqibeleni i-lobe yexesha le-cortex yecerebral.

Umonakalo kumqhubi wecandelo lomhlalutyi wenkcazo, umzekelo, ngenxa ye- paresis yentsholongwane yobuso iholele ekulahlekeni okukodwa kwentetho yokuqonda. Amanyathelo angenelelo, ngomzekelo, kwimisebenzi ebusweni bekhanda, ukunciphisa ukuqhutyelwa kweentsholongwane zentsholongwane kunye nemigudu yendlela enye, ngokukodwa ukujikeleza nokubukeka, nto leyo ekhokelela ekunciphiseni ubuchule bokuqonda.

Inxalenye yeCortical ye-sensory system

Inxalenye yecala yeyiphi i-analyzers ekhoyo imele imelwe yinxalenye ehambelana nenkqubo yesantya ephakathi kwi-cortex ye-cerebral. Yenza imisebenzi esemqoka yongcamango wongcamango-ukuqonda kunye nokwahlukana kwendlela yokujonga. Ukuzixhalabisa ngeentsimbi ze-centripetal zingena kwi-corbex ye-cerebral ye-cortex, apho ukuhlukana kokugqibela kwesonka, esinomtsalane, esimnandi nesomuncu sokutya kuyenzeka.

Ulwahlulo lwesakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi ye-analyzer ingcamango

Zonke izigaba ezintathu zentsebenzo yenkcazo yentsebenzo ayixhunyekanga. Ukulimala kunoma yiliphi le nxalenye (i-receptor, i-conductor okanye i-cortical) okanye ukudibanisa kwabo kuholele ekulahlekelweni kwamandla okuqonda kunye nokubandlulula phakathi kwenkcazo. Isakhiwo se-anatomiki somtsalathisi wenkcazo sinquma ubungqina boluvo olubonakalayo olubangelwa ukuvuselela i-chemoreceptors ye-buds.

Ukutya. Kuvela njani?

Iimfuno zomzwelo nezomzimba zokutya kunye nokuvakalelwa okubonakalayo ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa kwayo kwaye kwindlela yokutya zidla ngokuba yixhala. Ngokwakhiwa kwayo, ngaphezu kwelo lombono wombono, ukunambitha kunye nabahlalutyi bezinto ezibandakanyekayo kubandakanyeka .

Ukuvumba, uhlobo lokutya kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, ukunambitheka kwayo kuyisistim esisemgangathweni esibangela inkqubo yokukhushulwa ekupheleni kweentsholongwane zeengcamango zomnatha. Ingena phakathi kwendawo yokugaya, ekhona kwi-medulla oblongata, kunye nakwimimandla yenkqubo yesigxina kunye ne-thalamus.

Inkqubo yokwaziswa kweentlobo zengqondo

Njengoko kwakusungulwe ngabafundi be-physiologists, ukuxhalaba kwiimorioreceptors zelwimi kuvela ngenxa yokutya, i-olfactory and visual visual stimulation (ukunambitheka, ukubonakala kunye nokuvumba kokutya). Ukuqatshelwa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zesinambiso (ezikrakra, ezithambileyo, ezomuncu, ezityuwa) kunye ne-shades yazo ngenxa yomsebenzi wokuhlalutya kunye nokwenziwa komsebenzi wengingqi ephezulu yengqondo - i-cortex ye-hemispheres ye-cerebral. Kulo lobe lwesikhashana kukho nendawo yokuzonwabisa.

Izifo ezahlukeneyo kunye nokulimala apho i-analyzer ingabonakaliswa ibangela ukuba i-agesia - ukulahlekelwa okukodwa okanye ukuphela kweentlobo zengqondo. Iyakwenzeka kwakhona kumntu onempilo ngenxa yezifo zentsholongwane yephepha eliphezulu lokuphefumula (rhinitis, sinusitis), apho i-edema ye-nasopharyngeal mucosa ibonwa. I-Hyperthermia (i-fever ephezulu kwiinkqubo zokuvuvukala emzimbeni) nayo iyanciphisa ubuzwe be-chemoreceptors.

Uhlalutyo lokutya olufanelekileyo

Nangona isakhiwo somhlalutyi wenkcazo sifanayo kubo bonke abantu, kwabanye bethu, ngenxa yokubaluleka kweempawu zobomi, kunomlinganiselo omncinci wokuqonda. Ngenxa yoko, kukho amandla okwandisa ukwahlula imibala yokutya kunye neendapu. I-analyzer ingcamango, kunye ne-olfactory kubantu abanjalo, abizwa ngokuba yi-tasters, inokuhlukanisa ukunambitha kunye nokuvumba, umzekelo, ukusuka kwi-200 ukuya kuma-450 iintlobo zeeyi. Inkoliso yethu isebenzisa indlela yokubona inkanuko ngokuyinhloko ngokuhlalutya intle yemveliso yokutya, ngaloo ndlela iyanelisa imfuno yabo yokutya okutsha kunye nekhwalithi efunekayo ukuze kusebenze ngokuqhelekileyo iphepheni yesisu.

Ubumnandi beentlobo ze-chemoreceptors ziyahluka. Ngoko, iphakama ngexesha lokukhulelwa (iimpawu zesifo sofuzo), ngethuba lokutya, phantsi koxinzelelo. Kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo, ukuvezwa kwintetho kunokuphuculwa, umzekelo, ngokufudumala ukutya ukuya kwi-30-40 ° C. Le ndlela isetyenziswe kwinkqubo yokuvavanya ukunambitha kokutya neziphuzo. Ngokomzekelo, iwayini kunye nebhiya ngaphambi kokuhlwaya kuyashushu.

Kule nqaku, isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi ye-analyzer ingqalelo. Kwakhona wafunda indima yayo ekuboneni kunye nokwahlukana kwemimiselo yokusingqongileyo.