World chess intshatsheli - ngukumkani wehlabathi chess

Abaninzi abadumileyo ukuba nasekugqajukelweni zemidlalo ephilayo ifundisa ukuba aqine, ngqindilili kunye ukufikelela injongo. Nangona kunjalo, oku kude zonke. Imidlalo kunceda ekuphakamiseni izinga lophuhliso ngokwengqondo. Umzekelo, ubungangamsha ke chess. Abantu abaninzi zibhekisela kulo mdlalo njengoko ukuzonwabisa kunye enye yeendlela ukuba kudlule ixesha. Ukuba ukungena nzulu, siyakwazi ukubona ukuba ichess ngumdlalo nemibutho kwaye ethandwa. It has zabefundisi yayo, imibutho emininzi eyahlukeneyo ukuba baqhube kwiitumente ezahlukeneyo nokhuphiswano. Umahluko kuphela kwezinye iintlobo esebenzayo ichess kukuba uluhlu Olympic Games, kungenjalo. Nangona olu hlobo imbuyekezo ngokungenzi apho. Ngoko ke, ibanjwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini kwi-Olympiad ehlabathini, ezitsala kuphela neentshatsheli ichess phakathi kwabafazi namadoda, kodwa wabaqalayo abafuna ukubonisa ubuchule babo ebalaseleyo

Imvelaphi ezemidlalo: Indian chaturanga

Kukho banentsomi njengako apho lo mdlalo ngokuqinileyo ebomini yoluntu. Kudala-dala e-Indiya, i Brahmin (umbingeleli) wadala Chaturanga - ukuzonwabisa, nto leyo ibhodi kunye wezikweri alternating umbala. Ezi seli sile manani. Lo mdlalo senziwe ngenxa ndidikwe ebhotweni lokumkani - i Raja. Wayila mnandi kangaka kumntu yabaphetheyo ukuba ibhaso wacebisa Brahmin akhethe nantoni na ayifunayo. Yaye umbingeleli wambuza ingqolowa safaka. Kodwa ngendlela yokuba iseli sokuqala ekuqaleni ebulewe iinkozo enye. Iseli yesibini ezimbini, owesithathu kuyimfuneko ukubeka iinkozo ezine njalo njalo. Kamva kwavela ukuba ingqolowa ebukumkanini akwanelanga, ukuze ahlawule kuba Brahmin isipho esihle. Ngokuthe ngcembe, lo mdlalo sele iguqulwe kancinane. Umahluko eziphambili wechess Chaturanga linani abadlali. Ukuba abadlali ababini, umdlalo yamandulo ikuvumela ukuba ukudibanisa ngambini abantu bathathe inxaxheba ntlobo zale mihla. Amanyathelo e Chaturanga egqitywe uphosa idayisi.

nakwinkampani

Ngokuthe ngcembe lo mdlalo kwaqhenqetha kwihlabathi jikelele. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba akukho ndawo yonqulo okanye yezopolitiko ababanga nandawo yakuphika aluwafaneli. Okwangoku, umbutho engundoqo ukwenza lemidlalo ezahlukeneyo i International Itshesi Federation, abanyanisekileyo elifinyeziweyo. Yayisekelwe kwi eko zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesibini, le wechess ntshatsheli Garry Kasparov uye wadala PCA - Professional Itshesi Association, eyathatha iminyaka emithathu kuphela. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha nje elingephi ixesha wakwazi 'baqinise "kakhulu leembaleki olomeleleyo. World chess indoda efuna undikho, baqeqeshiwe kwaye bonisa ubuchule lakho PCA, uthathwa ngokuba "yintshatsheli umdlalo zakudala."

Young italente Norway

Nangona ingqalelo umdlalo unembali ende yophuhliso, lemidlalo ngamazwe ziye zabanjwa kulo kutshanje. Kwaliwa sokugqibela isithsaba chess kwabanjwa kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo. Le tumente, eyayibanjelwe e Chennai, India, wabonisa abaphulaphuli ngenxa eyothusayo. Kuba okokuqala kwimbali lokhuphiswano iphumelele umfana oselula onjalo. Engamashumi amabini anesibini Norwegian Magnus Carlsen wawongwa isihloko "World Itshesi Champion." Xa umlo omhle a nguGrandmaster oselula iphumelele Indian inkosi Vishvanatana Ananda. imidlalo In nje ezilishumi tumente lwaphela ngokuthanda nguGrandmaster abatsha. Namhlanje, ihlabathi wechess intshatsheli yangoku ukusuka Norway phambili kuluhlu abadlali ebalaseleyo ehlabathini. Le yesibini ranking emva Magnus Carlsen Levon Aronian na. Ivala Kwafika iinkokeli ezintathu ukusuka eRashiya Vladimir Kramnik. Ngaphandle zokuzonwabisa kakhulu itshesi, Magnus Carlsen lubonise kwishishini umzekelo. iifoto akhe ahombise isigubungelo GQ lowu ethandwayo.

Buyela Umva imidlalo ekhaya

Owayesakuba yintshatsheli chess ehlabathini, wazalelwa e-India. igama lakhe - viswanathan Anand. Waphumelela isihloko umdlali best ehlabathini ngo-2007. Wazalwa nguGrandmaster kwilizwe saseMadras ngo-1969. Utitshala yokuqala ngumama wakhe Indiya. Wayifundisa ikamva edumileyo inkosi grand izakhono "ukhuko". Kungekudala viswanathan abe umdlali best e-India. Ukususela ngo-1993, Anand lithathe inxaxheba kwiitumente ezahlukeneyo kukhuphiswano zehlabathi ngempumelelo. Isihloko Hindu "World Itshesi Champion" ufumana ngo-2007, ebetha Vladimir Kramnik. Emva konyaka, viswanathan Anand uqinisekisa isihloko sayo eziphikisanayo ngempumelelo Bonn. Ngo-2013, i-Indiya waya kuloo ndawo Norwegian oselula.

iinkosi Dear Soviet

Vladimir Kramnik kuluntu eyaziwa ngokuba elinesine yintshatsheli chess ehlabathini. Kwidolophu i abanetalente nguGrandmaster Tuapse. Apho kunye Vladimir wazalwa ngo-1975. Kramnik yenye kwabo ngesidima intamo isihloko ndiyintshatsheli "chess lakudala" ngokutsho Professional Chess Association. Ukongeza, Vladimir Borisovich kufaneleyo kakuhle inkosi Russian zemidlalo kule fomu.

Ngowe-1991, Kramnik wanikwa isihloko International nguGrandmaster. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku mpumelelo yakhe evelele kwaba isihloko ntshatsheli phakathi juniors. Vladimir ayenziwanga nje eyenziwe krelekrele wamela Russia kukhuphiswano ngamazwe kwiqela lesizwe.

Uloyiso yokuqala ebalulekileyo Kramnik yaba nkulu ngo-2000. Kuye ngoko eLondon, i-Russian wabeka 'iqabane' ukuba compatriot yakhe, indoda efuna undikho ihlabathi yangaphambili UGarry Kasparov. Kwiminyaka emine emva koko, uVladimir wadibana kwi ibhodi chess kunye noPetros Leko. Emva kokuba umzabalazo elide baseRashiya wayekhusela isikhundla sakhe esiphakamileyo. Ngowe-2006 Kramnik zidityanisiwe ngokutsho PCA isihloko ihlabathi nesihloko efanayo ngu ezinyanisekileyo, zaphuma phambili kumdlalo nomanyano Veselina Topalova. Konyaka kamva eyipasile isikhundla aphezulu noyinzalelwane India - viswanathan Anand.

Weshumi World Champion

Enye nani ngokufanelekileyo ezaziwayo-kakuhle kwihlabathi ichess UGarry Kasparov. NguGrandmaster wazalwa ngo-1963. A inzalelwane Baku ekuqaleni wazala igama Weinstein. Kuba okokuqala wechess webhodi uyise ndatyala. Harry Ngelo xesha wayeneminyaka emihlanu ubudala. Ngo-1976 kwakukho isiganeko yokuqala ebalulekileyo kubomi nkwenkwe, yaye waba yintshatsheli USSR Chess Championship. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva Kasparov krelekrele ukoyisa kule tumente, "Sokolsky Memorial", eyayibanjelwe e Minsk. Ngenxa yesi siganeko, uHarry iye imbasa isihloko Master of Sports.

Ngowe-1980, Kasparov bagqiba isikolo kunye imbasa yegolide. Lo nyaka yabalasela esinye isiganeko esibalulekileyo ebomini umntu oselula ngayo. E Dortmund, yena wawongwa kwisihloko ntshatsheli phakathi juniors. Ngelo xesha, Kasparov wayengoyena nguGrandmaster omncinane ehlabathini.

Xa kweminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo italente entsha iba yintshatsheli USSR. Imveliso yokuqala ka-GM kwimidlalo abadala kwenzeka ngo-1984. esitheni yakhe Anatoly Karpov. Dlala umdlalo yintshatsheli chess ihlabathi irekhodi in ubude. Umdlalo lwathatha iinyanga eziliqela, ukususela kuSeptemba 1984 ukuya kuFebruwari 1985. Le tumente afunyanwa yi Karpov. Intlanganiso elandelayo neyamagcisa amabini yabanjwa ngoSeptemba 1985. Kwindawo khuphiswano eMoscow. Kulapha, yaye ezichongiweyo 13 chess ntshatsheli. Baba Garry Kasparov, ngubani ngokubetha odlulileyo "uKumkani ibhodi kunye nenkomo" abanamanqaku ka 13:11. De ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye, a nguGrandmaster abanetalente liye ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwaba ilungelo lalo ukuba liphezulu kuqala kwinguqulelo ezinyanisekileyo, uze ngokutsho PCA. iminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu emva zihikahika zeziganeko inkosi kwitumente Russian waphulukana ku compatriot yakhe Vladimir Kramnik. Ngako oko, isihloko ntshatsheli nayo ebilahlekile.

besijongene isihloko

Anatoly Karpov nguye elinesibini yintshatsheli chess ehlabathini. Ndazalelwa kwisixeko Russian ka Zlatoust, ke wazalwa ngo-1951. Ngenxa uyise Karpov eneminyaka seminyaka emihlanu, kuqala afunda ngayo ihlabathi wechess. Ngelo elinesine, Anatoly waba yinkosi zemidlalo kule fomu. Ulwazi olunomdla efumene isihloko ntshatsheli Karpov. Ukuba imiphumela emihle kwimidlalo abasezantsi, italente entsha got itumente ngamazwe. umdlali yakhe ukuba uRobert Dzheyms Fisher. Noko ke, ngaphambi nje kokuqala komdlalo the American wala ukuba nenxaxheba. Ngenxa yoko, le ntshatsheli yeshumi Anatoly Karpov wafumana isihloko. Kwiminyaka elandelayo, GM uye wabonisa ukuba uyakufanelekela ukuba ukunxiba kwisihloko onesiphumo eziphakamileyo. Umdlali chess eyenziwa kukhuphiswano ezahlukeneyo ngempumelelo kakhulu. Ngenxa kokoyisa kwakhe e Milan ngo-1975. Emva koyisa Italian walandelwa akukho phambili ngaphantsi ezihamba Manila, Rovinj-Zagreb kunye nezinye izixeko. Karpov kathathu yintshatsheli USSR. NguGrandmaster liveza irekhodi lomhlaba kweWCED ezininzi. Ngexesha lonke ubukho akukho mntu imidlalo iye yakwazi ukuba kuphunyezwe iziphumo ezinjalo, obabufikelela Anatoly Karpov.

American Bobby

Robert Dzheyms Fisher - intshatsheli yokuqala chess umhlaba kusuka eUnited States. yaziwa ngokuba Bobby uluntu ehlabathini. Le magazini "Chess Ulwazi" igama umdlali best kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini yaseMelika. Gift edlala chess Wavuleka udade. Bobby ngokubonakalayo nasekuphuhliseni izakhono zabo, yaye xa wayeneminyaka eli-ezilishumi elinantathu waphumelela isihloko US e wechess phakathi kwabantu abatsha. Emva konyaka, waphakamisa isimo sakhe kwi lobuntshatsheli abadala, waba womdlali omncinane abo baphumelele kangaka ekwaluphaleni umfana onjalo. Xa eneminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu, Fischer waba nguGrandmaster, eshiya ngasemva ngenxa isiphumo Borisa Spasskogo, wafumana itayitile kwiminyaka elishumi elinesixhenxe. Xa indawo enye kwaye umdlali chess yokuqala Bobby World Tournament. Ngowe-1972, Fischer ufaka "ukhuko" ye nguGrandmaster eSoviet-French kwaye ufumana isihloko.

Ophumelele yeshumi neyomhlaba wonke

Boris Spassky wazalwa ngo-1937 eLeningrad. Ndafunda ukudlala chess eneminyaka engama emihlanu. Xa amahlanu zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini Boris okwesihlandlo sokuqala ithatha inxaxheba kwinqanaba lokugqibela lobuntshatsheli waseUSSR kunye brilliance azuze. Kulo nyaka, Spassky wawongwa isihloko International nguGrandmaster. Xa wayeneminyaka engama-wayeneminyaka emashumi mathathu anambini, waza waba wechess ntshatsheli ngokoyisa Tigran Petrosian. Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva adlulisele liphezulu American Bobby Fischer.

grandmasters Soviet

Tigran Petrosian wazalwa ngo-1929 e Tbilisi. Isihloko nguGrandmaster chess ngamazwe yiSoviet zazifumanayo ngo-1952. Emva kokuba ngoxa uba Master esoloko of Imidlalo eSoviet Union. Ngokuphumelela umdlalo we Abaviwa Tournament ngowe-1962, Tigran uya wonke. Apho waphumelela isihloko ehlabathini, yeharim phambi compatriot yakhe uMikhail Botvinnik. Kwiminyaka esixhenxe kamva, isihloko uya Borisu Spasskomu.

Uluhlu abaphumeleleyo lobuntshatsheli kwihlabathi elilawulwa yi neentshatsheli chess yiSoviet phakathi kwabantu behlabathi. Ukongeza kwezi, nabo ziquka Vasily Smyslov, uAleksandr Alehin, uMikhail Tal kunye uMikhail Botvinnik. Le yokugqibela linguyena mbhexeshi lokuqala yiSoviet kulo mdlalo.

UMikhail Botvinnik wazalwa ngo-1911 kwiphondo Vyborg. iminyaka engamashumi amathathu anesixhenxe emva kokuzalwa kwakhe uMikhail uba chess ntshatsheli ngokoyisa umdlali welinye icala Amsterdam Maksa Eyve. Kuba lonke ixesha lokuthatha inxaxheba kukhuphiswano Botvinnik wayedlala amaqela amakhulu elinababini.

Watyhutyha ezinye isihloko ngasinye

Lwandulelwe uMikhail Botvinnik, maks Eyve - sesihlanu World Chess Champion. kwazalelwa yakhe Amsterdam. Kwiminyaka emine, lo mfana waba nomdla wechess. Xa ndandineminyaka elishumi, waqala ukuthatha inxaxheba kukhuphiswano. Ngowe-1935, Max Euwe wawongwa isihloko yintshatsheli chess yehlabathi.

Isihloko wadlula kuyo, kunjalo, ilifa GM Aleksandra Alehina. Umdlali chess Soviet kangangethuba ixesha elide ngokuzithemba alawulwa abanye abadlali. Isihloko wechess yehlabathi intshatsheli Alekhine ezifunyenwe emva kwetumente ezingazange Hose Raulem Capablanca ngo-1927. Xa isihloko lulahlekile. Oku kwenzeka ngo-1935 kumdlalo kunye Maksom Eyve. Noko ke, emva kwexesha elithile isihloko wabuyiselwa. nguGrandmaster eSoviet ngumntu kuphela kwimbali ezemidlalo, owafa undefeated.

"I Turk"

Ngowe-1888, yena wazalwa e Havana Jose Raul Capablanca-and-Graupera. yaziwa ngokuba "I Turk" kwimbali wechess. Ngoko Capablanca wabiza kungekho iimpazamo ngexesha amaqela. Cuba isihloko intshatsheli iphumelele ngo-1921. esitheni yakhe Emanuel Lasker. Capablanca umngeni nguGrandmaster amanqugwala zenzeka kudala ngaphambi tumente. Noko ke, sekunjalo Lasker akavumelani ukudlala italente entsha. Ndeyisekile loyiso, omnye emva komnye bawasukela Jose Raul, ngoxa ngowe-1927 oko azidingi ukuba lomdlalo uAleksandr Alehin. Ngoko ke isithsaba chess ngumlawuli wehlabathi yatshintsha umniniyo. Baba oyinzalelwane eSoviet Union.

Kwengqondo umdlalo

Second World Chess Champion - Emanuel Lasker. Wazalwa ngo-1868 eJamani. Yena onemoto irekhodi emangalisayo ehlabathini chess: isihloko league yaseJamani banawo iminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe. Oku akuzange kwenzeke kwimbali mdlalo. Izazinzulu ezininzi ukubiza Lasker "vulindlela" entsimini indlela zengqondo ukuya nezigcaliselo wechess. Ngo-1894 i-World Championship ekoyiseni yokuqala New York Emanuel kaThixo. Yena wawongwa kwisihloko yintshatsheli. Uye kwenziwa ngempumelelo ukuya kwiminyaka 68.
Ngowe-1836, ePrague wazalwa Vilgelm Steynits - indoda efuna undikho chess yehlabathi yokuqala. Iimfundiso zakhe waba negalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso olungaphezulu ngempumelelo yonke imbali wechess. Isihloko World lanikwa Steinitz womelele kunokuba oqolileyo. Ngelo xesha wayeneminyaka engamashumi amahlanu ezelwe.