Veliswa ngayo izinto. Iindlela andise nomngundo

We sisetyenziswe ukubiza amakhowa amakhowa kunye boletus, kwabakhangela enkulu phezu iseti itafile sasemini. Kodwa oko bakuko ngaba bathi ukuba izifundo Botany, okanye kwimeko ezinqabileyo incoko "pseudo-yenzululwazi". Isakhiwo, indlela yobomi, ingakumbi ukuze bazale nomngundo uninzi lwabantu kuhlala 'imfihlakalo. " Ewe, umxholo okhethekileyo. Noko ke, indoda efundile, kungakuhle ukuba ukumelwa amancinane yonke into. Ingaba akunjalo?

Inkcazelo a eziphilayo

Ngaphambi kokuba sifike esinomdla isihloko ubugocigoci 'Iindlela asetyenziselwa ukujikwa fungal, "makhe ukufumanisa ukuba yintoni na. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu umdla. Xa phambili, sithi ukuba lokwanda nomngundo - asiyonkqubo ilula. abanjalo Its - amagama amabini ayikwazi ukuchaza. Kodwa ke, ukuze. Ifungi eziphilayo, leyo ukubonisa iimpawu zombini izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Ngokuncedisana bobabini. umbuso wabo omkhulu! Oku kuquka amakhowa ngokwabo mikoidy (ebizwa ngokuba izinto gribopodobnye). Okwangoku, unabantu abangaphezu kwekhulu elinamanci amawaka ntlobo zibizwa, nangona izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba axilongwe kuphela kwisithathu ekhoyo kwindalo. Hypothesis ukuba ngenkankulu ukuba abuze, kuba ubukho nokukotshwa nomngundo, njengoko kuvela, ungakwazi ukuthatha indawo iimeko ezinzima emangalisayo. Inzululwazi iye kufika kwisigqibo sokuba ezi zinto ziphilayo azinazo lweengcambu kunye nezityalo. Baya isuka kwi ethile micro-eziphilayo elwandle. Zizityalo kuzisa fungi isakhiwo iseli eludongeni, stationarity, ukukwazi ukuvelisa imbewu, kuyondelelaniswe iivithamini. Ukongeza, anciphisa ukusuka izondlo zomhlaba. Kunye nezilwanyana, nabo zifana. Oko kukuthi, amakhowa, glycogen oluhlala ngohlobo imfuyo, zigutyula urea, aninako ukwenza izondlo zabo.

A kancinci malunga nesakhiwo

Ukuze yexa lokwanda nomngundo, kuyimfuneko ukwazi ukuba zikhangeleka njani. Ngapha koko, akucacanga ukuba yintoni eza zenziwe. Amakhowa becala zibandakanya umzimba kwezityalo. Oku into sikubonayo iqokelele. Le ephilayo zayo zixhobo abaninzi omkhulu ezingenambala zibhityile, ebizwa ngokuba "mycelium" okanye "mycelium". Yahlulahlulwe yaba iinxalenye ezimbini. Enye kwi emhlabeni kwaye inoxanduva ukutya. Okwesibini - kufutshane kumphezulu. Le nxalenye lijongana ngexesha lokusekwa amalungu okuzala (esiyibiza obude). Wona a ephilayo nga bawo kakhulu kwimo engqongileyo, ukutshintsha umzimba kwezityalo. Umzekelo, izilwanyana bendelisele iingcambu kwi "donor", ekufunxeni ngayo izakhi-mzimba.

Iindlela andise nomngundo

Ukusukela ukuba oku ihlabathi liphela olwahlukileyo eziphilayo ezingenazo "izalamane 'kwindawo yezilwanyana nezityalo ophilayo, kwaye ikhona indlela yaso. Andise fungi kunokuba ngokwesini, asexually okanye ngokukha. Ezinye iintlobo kuzala lolu yabo uhlobo. Oko kukuthi, akukho phantse iindlela zonke ezaziwayo yenzululwazi. Xa siqwalasela iinkcukacha, apha iimpawu kunye bokuqonda. Ngoko ke, lo olukhutshelweyo maqanda of fungi kwenzeka mycelium. iseli olulodwa sale msonto na angaseka umzimba owodwa. Ukongezelela, "ukuba baqhubeke ugqatso," ezi zinto ziphilayo ukudala iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo - amalungu okuzala. Xa nomngundo, kubonakala ubukhulu becala ixesha efudumeleyo manzi. Ezo zinto ukuba ukuphuhlisa umzimba omtsha, ebizwa Kuhlala Kwezinye Iindawo.

andise kwezityalo of nomngundo

Ezi eziphilayo kungenzeka nokuba iseli enye, nto leyo Kuhlala Kwezinye Iindawo. Amaninzi, le mycelium siyahlukana inxalenye iba liqumrhu elizimeleyo. Ngale ndlela yokuzala akadingi umzimba. Xa fungi ziyinxalenye mycelium siyahlukana amathupha umzimba omkhulu, kunjalo. Kuyo kumila entsha. Nkqu ujungujungu ezinye iintlobo bangaba oidii (amahlumelo eliqaqambileyo imisonto). Kwezi, umzimba omtsha ibonakala. Olu hlobo utshintsho ukusuka uhlobo kwezityalo yokuzalana maqanda. Ukuze ubone le nkqubo kwindalo engenzekiyo. Yonke into eyenzekayo emhlabeni (imeko apho ukukhula mycelium).

agamobium

Le nkqubo usengozini. It ikhutshwa phandle esebenzisa sikuyo. Bona mancinci kakhulu kunye nokukhanya. Musa ukuthi xumbu emanzini, wayisa ngumoya, anamathele uboya izilwanyana. Kwaye ukuhamba. Kanye iimeko ekunene, ziqala ukukhula. Iingxabano zahlulwe yokuphumla kunye propagative, eselula ukugogeka. fungi abasweleyo zixhotyiswe nge ndlela ndlongondlongo ngakumbi andise. Bona luphawulwa mpikiswano ihambe, mayixhotyiswe yomsila. Bona inokubhabha ukuya amawaka eekhilomitha. ukuzala maqanda of nomngundo, esingamangqina ako oko thina owoyamaniswe kuyo, kusekho imbambano kulo. Nabo, kakhulu, zahlukile. Kuba lula, uzahlule zemveli kunye angaphandle. Okokuqala kwakhiwa ama. Loo ngxabano iqokobhe ashinyeneyo. Isixa-mali kuxhomekeke iintlobo ezithile ezinzwaneni. Ezinye fungi baye ibihlungu enye kuphela (conidia). Iindlela imfundo zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Ubukhulu becala ke zakheka iincam conidiophores.

syngenesis

Apha kwakhona, yahlukene. ukuzala of fungi zingadlula ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ezinxulumene ne kwasekwa elilodwa. Omnye wabo - gametogamiya. Le ndlela okufana amakhowa ephantsi umbutho. Inokuchazwa njenge ngxubevange (gametes) ezimbini iiseli. Kwezinye iintlobo, ziyafana, ngoxa abanye - ziyahluka ubukhulu. Nkqu gametes zahlukile kakhulu ukuhamba. Oko ke indlela "aqeqeshiweyo" kwi amakhowa, ekuphuhliseni iindlela yokuzala. Kule ntlobo eziphilayo, akukho oogamy yemveli (iiseli amadoda esisigxina yaye mobile yabafazi ngayo). ukuzala of fungi ingathatha ngohlobo gametogamii. Le ndlela kuvamile ukuba ehlelekile eziphilayo. Nokuveliswa kakhulu eqhelekileyo nomngundo somatogamiya. Le nkqubo iqulathe kwi yokuba imbewu intshula uze hlanganisa iimvulophu, uze emva koko - nuclei. Kwezi, kukho inyama entsha luphuhla.

malunga amanita

Ithiyori, Kakade ke, umdla, kodwa ngenxa ulwazi lweenkqubo kuyanqweneleka ku "va" xikombiso. Cinga phindo blewits. Ziyinto sikwazi ukubona nokuhlola. Into yokuba abantu ndawonye ukutya, ebizwa izidumbu iziqhamo. Kubo amakhowa bekhula ukuze alungiselele inkqubo yokuzala. Ngesayensi, zibizwa ngokuba "imizimba ibihlungu." Ziqulethe CAPS nezikhondo ukuba iinyanda oxineneyo hyphae. Zavuleka kule inxalenye ephezulu. Cap iye lamagumbi mabini. Top - zamahlathi, Bathiwe wambu nesikhumba. Ngaphantsi umaleko emazantsi nto ifihlakeleyo. Olunye uhlobo, oko kwipleyiti, ngoxa abanye - ityhubhu. Kulo maleko uphumle sikuyo. Umzekelo, Russula neenkowane babe isakhiwo ipleyiti, neenkowane ezinde luteus - tubular. Kulo maleko ikhula ukuba izigidi sikuyo. Bawaphakela emhlabeni, kwenziwe ngumoya okanye izilwanyana, izinambuzane, amanzi. Ngoko ke iya inkqubo yokuzala.

Kutheni ukusika amakhowa, ndingabagungxuli

Ekubeni abantu baqokelela "imizimba ibihlungu," ngoko bengaqondanga ukuphazamisa inkqubo yokuzala ezi eziphilayo. Ukuba nje athathe "ingxowa imbewu," ngundo yokutyala entsha. Eneneni, likhulu kwaye kudala akukho namnye kodwa abaninzi "emizimbeni sporulation." Kwaye xa ukuyaphula nesafron okanye boletus, yenza umonakalo elikhulu mycelium (mushroom ngokwalo). Kuthatha ixesha elide ukuya ukubuyisela kuyo. Mhlawumbi kungenzeka ukuba akuyi kukhula kule ndawo. Ngoko ke, kufuneka lungisa ngenyameko esikhondweni, ukuze kakubi le mycelium.

ukuba umdla

Oosonzululwazi sasifunda ngenyameko ezi eziphilayo. Baye nje ukubukela kakhulu ukuhlola okwenziwa nabo. Ezinye zazo yayihlasela athuke. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba abaphandi Japanese ziye zagqiba ukuba sengqiqweni nagwele yellow. Baqhuba umfuniselo ngenkani umzimba apho ukukhula kwi "mibono" apho iswekile zaye ifihliwe. Ndafumanisa ukuba ngumngundo etyheli "ukhumbula" indlela ukuya kwi okukhona. Nakumlibo athathwe kulo ephilayo, zikhula ngqo ukuya kwindawo apho sugar khona! Kodwa nje mushroom elula, ngokukha ekhuthazwa.