USodolophu - ke iinkokheli omuzi Rus Ancient

Posadniki abonakale kunye norhulumente kunye nesixeko eRashiya yamandulo, injongo yayo ephambili ukuphumeza umgaqo-nkqubo onjalo ezixekweni zabo, nto leyo ahambisana ncam ukuba iimfuno Grand Duke, kwakunye basebukhosini nasezidolophini.

Imfuneko kwimisebenzi yolawulo

karhulumente Old Russian owazalwa ngenkulungwane yesithoba, ngenxa yesenzo ngempumelelo nonamandla le Novgorod prince Oleg kukho bengatshatanga - Kievan Rus. indawo State wakhula, kwaye kukho imfuneko kubantu abakhethekileyo abaye zimelwe Prince kwizixeko zeli lizwe liphela. Ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesithoba, kubalulekile ingakumbi kummandla yamandulo wadlala Novgorod, ngaxesha lithile na ngokuthetha ibange Kiev kwicala lobuntshatsheli eRashiya. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iidolophu, akazange abe iqashiso losapho njengenkosana, ize igcinwe ukuzimela wema yedwa phakathi yonke impahla ye-Grand Prince of Kiev. Ukuze ukulawula umzi, abalawuli Kiev wathumela oonyana babo, kodwa akusoloko kunjalo, akukho namnye kwinzala grand abakhange bakwazi wazazi apho, kunye namandla omkhulu apho wasukuma ulawulo posadnicheskoe zeNdibano Popular. Kungenxa kwi Novgorod kunye Pskov, aba bantu ulonwabele amandla omkhulu kwaye nokuba ezijongene ngokuphandle Duke Grand. Ngenxa yoko, posadniki - kukuthi, ngolwimi mihla, oosodolophu basetsha ze imizi yamandulo Russia.

Iimpawu enkqubo Old yolawulo Russian

Kutheni kunzima kangaka e Novgorod waba posadniki. Kukho izizathu ezininzi. Eyokuqala kukuba lo mzi ekuqaleni kuvelile njengeziko lorhwebo ngenkohliso, oku kubangelwe kwindawo yayo yendalo wejografi. amahlathi Huge wanika eninzi sempahla zifunwa, yamanzi amaninzi ukodlula ishishini kunceda kakhulu, kunye, phakathi kwezinye izinto, Novgorod ukususela ebiza Vikings kunye yenko- Swedish-German akazange namava iingozi ezinkulu zangaphandle, ngoko amandla labathetheli, abasebenze bempi nakubagwebi, abantu Novgorod abazange kuyimfuneko. Ngoko ke, ekuqaleni kakhulu waba Usodolophu Novgorod anyuliweyo phakathi kwabantu basekuhlaleni, Kakade ke, le nxalenye nempumelelo yayo kwintlanganiso kawonke - Chamber. Izilangazelelo izinduna ezinkulu apha kwindawo yokuqala, yaye kwimeko yengcinezelo evela Kiev onke Novgorod yaba phambi ezidityanisiweyo. odolo ezifanayo kwasekwa kwamanye amaziko ebalulekileyo komhlaba Novgorod.

Le etymology lo gama

Ngokubanzi, lo gama wabonakala kwinkulungwane yeshumi ngasekupheleni yaye lifumaneka kwi "Tale of adlulileyo Years". iinkosana zokuqala Kievan wathumela abameli babo umzi, kubaluleke ngokukodwa, kwaye gama livela isenzi 'ubeke ". elithi "Posazhennikov" maxa wambi kwenzeka, oko kukuthi, "posadniki", rhwaphilizo welizwi, sigxininise ngaphantsi inkulu ezithile zabantu. Umzekelo, Posazhennikov Jaropolk - libhekisela usodolophu, amisiweyo Grand Prince of Kiev Yaropolk Svyatoslavovich. Ukuba lokuqala ubukho Kievan Rus kwi Novgorod ngokukodwa wathumela kwiinkokeli ezukileyo, kamva indima posadniks eyenziwa noonyana abalawuli Russian. Kodwa ke kuloo mzi ngomhla uphawu Volkhov wagxininisa ukuba nayo ngokuba Posadnik, nangona ngokuzalwa yena yinkosana, kwaye yonke indlela eya nokuqhekeka feudal sesixeko usoloko wabonisa isimo awodwa, kwaye abalawuli Kievan kwanyanzeleka ukuba Babengabalelani nayo.

Le ukuzimela kumntla-ntshona eRashiya kunye nokupheliswa kwayo

Kweli xesha eqhekekileyo feudal Novgorod ngakumbi eyahlukanisiweyo, kwaye ukusuka kweli xesha, ngaphandle isimemo Aleksandra Nevskogo ukubonakalisa ekuhlaselweni German-Swedish, usodolophu Novgorod - kuphela izikhulu zendawo. Ukutshintsha iinkokeli isixeko eRashiya, ukusuka eKiev uVladimir, ukususela noVladimir eMoscow, Novgorod kodwa waqhubeka ukugcina ukuzimela kwayo kakuhle kakhulu, kwaye nkqu ayehlasela AmaTatar nako ngokwesiseko kuyitshintsha le siko. Kwinkulungwane elinesihlanu endaweni enye sodolophu owonyuliweyo ezintandathu, iyileyo wayephethe kwiindawo ezithile kuqoqosho wesixeko, kwakunye burgomaster abaziintloko, lowo inxaxheba kuququzelelo umsebenzi bonke abaqeshwa, enyanisweni, ngokwemigaqo mihla, kwaba ofisi kasodolophu kunye onke amalungelo umlindi. utshintsho Yonke ne ukunyuka okuthe chu of the ubulawuli Moscow, imigaqo-nkqubo sigqibo esalimanyanisa wafuna abathetheli bakhe, ayikwazanga ukuhambahamba kule inkampu inkululeko ephakathi. Ekupheleni kwale kwenkulungwane Novgorod inkululeko Wayebuhlungu Ivan III, abangazange bafune ukuba iiyunithi self-olawulo karhulumente, ndingowokugqibela Posadnitsa Marfa Boretskaya wayekunye intsimbi ibandla wasiwa eMoscow, yaye ukususela kweli xesha le sikhundla wedolophu kwayekwa.

izinto ezintsha yomlando

Ke ezinye izixeko, kwakukho ukuqeshwa posadniki kwanakubalawuli engundoqo kunye naluphi na ukuzimela ezinentsingiselo nokuziphatha imicimbi abazange ilifa. Imisebenzi kasodolophu khange zinkulu kakhulu, ngokukodwa, ukuba ziphathwe yokuqala ziyalungiswa ngokuqinisekisa kokufumana irhafu, inkundla kunye kwabulawa abantu basekuhlaleni, bathobela umthetho nocwangco kummandla owabelwe kubo, ukukhuselwa esi sixeko kunye nokuphuculwa kwayo. Yiloo nto le posadnik eRashiya yamandulo. Nakuba kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwale kota ku kakhulu esebenzayo ngokumalunga Novgorod nomhlaba, ingakumbi Pskov. Ngenxa yokomelezwa ngurhulumente kazwelonke, isithuba wabhangiswa emideni yonke Russia, endaweni yayo weza oomantyi kunye neerhuluneli.