US imali: iidola iphepha kunye zemali

I dollar namhlanje lwemali idumileyo ehlabathini. Le yunithi mali eyaziwa kuyo yonke indawo. Loluphi uhlobo imali eUnited States hamba ngoku? Yaba njani na?

Imbali ingenzeka

konke kwaqala Thaler, okanye mandithi "yoahimstalerov". Leyo igama iingqekembe zesiliva ukusuka kwidolophu am of Jáchymov (Czech Republic yanamhlanje). Igama ngokukhawuleza wathatha balwa, British, IsiDutch, abavela, Flemings, ukuguqula isandi ngendlela yakhe. Ngenxa yoko, i-dollar e British colonial Melika ekuqaleni ngokuba ngqekembe Spanish. Ngenxa iimali self-USD ezabhengezwa ngo 1785.

imali iphepha kwi ngohlobo neentambo yavela kwi Massachusetts ngo-1690. Re-kukhululwa kuzo ngo-1703, yaye kwiminyaka emininzi kamva imali iphepha asasazwe kuzo zonke eUnited States. Ngexesha lemfazwe inkululeko nokuba wabonakala "dollar Continental," awazigqogqayo eziinkozo metal kwegazi.

Ingxaki engundoqo imali yaba ukuphelwa lixabiso yazo ngokukhawuleza. Kakade ngawo 1781 lwemali ixabiso yi ezimalunga nama-40. Kwiminyaka emithandathu kamva umthetho phezu wezifundo enyanzelekileyo imali yephepha ngegolide okanye isiliva. Ngowe-1792 kwakukho kuqala lenza coin US.

imbali yanamhlanje

Nangona onke amanyathelo athathwe nguRhulumente, imali American ayikho oluzinzileyo nomgangatho. Ngoko ke, ngo-1861 kukho lwemali olulodwa, nto leyo siphathiswe kuprintwa American Bank Qaphela Co. amanqaku ekhutshwe iimvaba-5, 10, 20 dollar eluhlaza yaye ngoko nangoko yaziwa ngokuba "greenbacks".

Ngowe-1913, imali US nezenzelwe wadala le njongo Federal Reserve Banks. Iminyaka emininzi, i-dollar wahlala uzinzo. Wanyanzelwa ukuba kubhadula le-Great Depression ngo-1933. Noko ke, emva kokuba yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi, indima US kwezopolitiko kwihlabathi yande kakhulu, yaye kumazwe aseYurophu baqalisa waqondisa imali yaseMelika. kungekudala Dollars ziya kuba imali engundoqo "Europe endala", kancinane nkqu Sterling Pound.

Ngowe-1971, lo lwemali reserve jikelele iqalisa kulwenza kwakhona. Emva kwexesha elithile, xa isindululo uMongameli Nixon yalicima ukusekelwa igolide dollar. Imali US sele yaba ukuthembeka elithile, ngoko ukwehla zange kuchaphazela ubume balo ihlabathi. Nto ingako yogcino.

dollar namhlanje

Okwangoku, i-dollar kuthathwa wesizwe we-United States lwemali. Ukongeza, nkqu kwinkulungwane XIX-XX saba lwemali ongamiselwanga yamanye amazwe amaninzi. Umzekelo, Canada yabhengeza imali yayo kwangethuba 1857. Ngoku imali US iwonga yesizwe e El Salvador, Panama, Palau, Bermuda, Marshall, Virgin Islands, East Timor, njalo njalo .. Kwamanye amazwe, i-dollar esetyenziswa ndingosemthethweni ngaxeshanye kunye imali yesizwe, umzekelo, ngaphambi kokuba e Zimbabwe.

I-Federal Reserve System yadalwa ngowe-1913, nto leyo namhlanje inoxanduva ukukhululwa yokushicilela US imali. EYilwayo eziinkozo ziveliswa ngokuhambelana neemfuno zelizwe, ngaphaya ifumene malunga nesiqingatha imali iyonke zeerandi eprintiweyo. 1% nje kuphela yemali eyenziwe ayikho ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo. isabelo yengonyama engamaphepha eshicilelweyo ngenjongo wokususa iikopi ezigugileyo-out.

yamaphepha

Onke amatyala, eziye zakhutshwa ngo-1861, Kusekho kuthathwa njengezisemthethweni kunye osemthethweni. imali Iphepha ekhutshwe US iimvaba 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 ezigidi zeerandi. Zikhululekile ukuba ukujikeleza umva.

Kukho amatyala emahlelweni ka-500, 1000, okanye 10 000. Kodwa ziza kupheliswa ngokwamanqanaba ngokuhamba ngenxa ngenkxamleko iyasetyenziswa. Ngenxa oku, ixabiso engamaphepha enjalo kwifandesi liphezulu kakhulu yazo. Yamaphepha emahlelweni of $ 10 000 turnover nje kwama-100 Ngo-1934, i-Reserve Bank of the United States ke wakhupha incwadi 100 000 zeerandi, isetyenziselwe kuphela kweentlawulo phakathi Federal Reserve System.

Ngokupheleleyo onke amatyala ezinomlinganiselo olinganayo. ubunzima lwabo malunga 1 gram. Ngowe-1928 ukuba kuphuhliswe ingqiqo jikelele imbonakalo dollar. Ukususela ngoko, imali US wabeka enemifanekiso yabantu abongameli nabezopolitiko ebalulekileyo. Ngoko ke, phezu eyilwayo ubonisa US uMphathiswa yokuqala wezeMali Hamilton, John Marshall - Usihlalo yeNkundla Ephakamileyo. Ngomhla hlobo ngo-1 dollar bubonakaliswe umongameli wokuqala we-United States Dzhordzh Vashington.

Kwelinye icala yamaphepha esizwe ibonisa iisimboli ngembali yelizwe ebalulekileyo. Kwicala ngasemva hlobo 1 dollar US obekwe Isaci engundoqo: "Sithembele kuThixo" kwi ibhili kwi $ 5 Lincoln Memorial, iSebe isakhiwo Finance luboniswa ku-10, kwaye House White - eerandi ukuya 20. Le hlobo kakhulu ezinqabileyo ejikelezayo - $ 2, isenzo lokusayina Declaration of Independence yaseUnited States uchazwa ngecala reverse.

zemali

ezinkozo US, kuxhomekeke kwexabiso elibekiweyo, inayo igama layo eqhelekileyo. Okwangoku kukho eziinkozo ejikeleza kwi cent 1, ezibizwa ngenye indlela "penny" iisenti ingqekembe 5 (nickel), iisenti 10 (Dime), 25 leesenti (kvoter), $ 1 (imali). Kukho kwakhona imali-50 eesenti phantsi kwegama "Ingxenye." Bona ziveliswa ngezixa ezincinane, ekukhethwa ukuba abaqokeleli.

US zemali ayenza kuthatha zobisi ezimbalwa e San Francisco, Denver, West Point, New Orleans kunye Philadelphia. Ngamnye kubo walamba ziphawulwe British P beech, S, W, O, D.

waba ukuba Le ngqekembe yokuqala US ukusukela ngo 1792, kubalwa igolide nesilivere, xa om-1 ukuya 15. Le ngqekembe ukuba othi "Inkululeko" kunye neempawu ezinxulumene nale mbono. Kwicala reverse ubekwe ukhozi. Ngoku kuphela zemali collectible ezenziwe amatye anqabileyo, isetyenziselwa ezinye zinc, ingxubevange nickel nobhedu.

zemali Ibiza kunqabile

Enye into ngo-1853 ukumqumbisa imbonakalo eziinkozo 3: Kwetana, egqalwa ezinqabileyo. Kuyinto kwixabiso enjalo liye lehla ixabiso isitampu zokuposa. Zabuya ngo-1889, cishe akunakwenzeka ukufumana.

Ngowe-1848 e-California iqala "Gold Rush", ngoko ke isigqibo ukukhulula ingqekembe yegolide entsha-1 no-20 zeerandi ngo-1849. Emva kokuba "Great Depression" iingqekembe zegolide ethatyathwe ejikeleza, futhi eqolo kwezi ngoku ukuba ibe model ngonyaka $ 20 1933.

Emva kwayo iinkozo American kakhulu nabizayo dollar 1804 uhlelo esilivere, Abathengiswa $ 4 million, kwaye takzhe5 esenti ngo-1913, ekhutshwe ingqalelo iikopi ezintlanu kuphela (nganye ixabisa malunga 4 million).