Uqoqosho Estonia: inkcazelo emfutshane

uqoqosho Estonia yenye weyona mizekelo ngempumelelo uqoqosho ezincinane. Ngamaxesha obunzima, urhulumente lifumanise yokuhla eliphakathi kuthelekiswa namanye republic lalisakuba yiSoviet, uze ngokukhawuleza wachacha. Namhlanje Estonia yenye bazizityebi, kunokuba kumazwe asaphuhlayo.

Imbali Emfutshane kuqoqosho Estonian kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini

Kangangethuba elide, uqoqosho imimandla, apho mihla Estonia, olusekelwe kurhwebo. Esebenzisa Tallinn (ngoko mzi kwathiwa Reval) kunye Narva baba iindlela zorhwebo ebalulekileyo yokudibanisa Russia kunye neNtshona yeYurophu. Narva River uxhumane Novgorod, eMoscow Pskov. Ukongeza, kumaXesha Aphakathi, Estonia yinkampani enkulu zezityalo ingqolowa kumazwe yeYurophu. Ngezoshishino amanye amacandelo (ingakumbi nemithi kunye nezimbiwa namashishini) yaqala phambi ukulawula of Estonia kwiminyaka yokuLawula Russian.

Uqoqosho Estonian naseRussia eyenziwe kunye ne mzuzu xa umdla yoBukhosi Russian kuLwandle aseBalti senze izinto Swedish. Ukuvuma uBukhosi Russian, ummandla Estonia mihla, leyo wambumba Revel kunye Livonia, kwakunye ukuvela eyinkunzi omtsha (St. Petersburg) ibingayinciphisanga ukubaluleka yorhwebo of Tallinn kunye Narva. nempembelelo entle kuqoqosho lizwe waba nokuguqulwa kwezolimo ngo-1849, emva kokuba wavunyelwa ukuba athengise okanye aqeshise ilizwe ukuba abalimi. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX abanini okanye abaqeshi bomhlaba baba malunga ne-50% zamafama kwinxalenye esemantla lizwe kunye 80% emzantsi kumbindi Estonia namhlanje.

Ngowe-1897, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sabantu (65%) baye baqeshwa kwicandelo lezolimo, 14% wasebenza kwicandelo mveliso kunye nenani elifanayo Sizibandakanye zorhwebo okanye wasebenza kwicandelo nkonzo. Intellectual, lwezoqoqosho kunye nelwezopoliko elite yoluntu Estonian baba lweBaltic isiJamani kunye Russian, nangona umyinge Estonia kwi ekwakhiweni lesizwe 90%.

Amanyathelo okuqala ezizimeleyo kuqoqosho

Uqoqosho Estonian iye yaluphumelela uvavanyo lokuqala ithuba lolawulo imikhosi karhulumente yangaphakathi kwi 1920 - 1930. Ukuzimela yombuso lwakwenza kwayimfuneko ukukhangela iimarike ezintsha, ukuphumeza ohlaziya (kunye iingxaki zoqoqosho ngelo xesha kwakwanele), isigqibo ngayo izibonelelo zendalo zisetyenziswa. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho omtsha, iqalwa owayenguMphathiswa kuqoqosho Estonian Otto Strandman, ijoliswe ekuphuhliseni kushishino, swi nga kurhwebo lwasekhaya, kunye nezolimo ezijoliswe kumazwe angaphandle.

uphuhliso oluzimeleyo yemeko yoqoqosho negalelo zinto zilandelayo:

• indawo kunolunye;
• umiswa isakhiwo Russian imveliso Empire;
• inethiwekhi eziveziweyo zazo iziporo olumanyanisa kwimarike yasekhaya;
• uncedo lwemali evela Soviet Russia kule mali engange yezigidi ezili-15 alingana ngegolide.

Noko ke, kukho eziliqela iingxaki ezimbalwa:

• phantse zonke izixhobo ukusuka mveliso babalekiswa ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II;
• ukuphazamisa kwezomnotho, eli lizwe olahlekelwe emarikeni eMpuma;
• US wayeka wamondla ukutya Estonian ngenxa Peace Tartu;
• Estonia iye yabuyela abemi abangaphezulu kwama-37 amawaka, kwafuneka zezindlu kunye nemisebenzi.

Uqoqosho Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic

Inkcazelo emfutshane ye kuqoqosho Estonian kwi USSR uqala ukubala umonakalo owenziwe imisebenzi zomkhosi ngexesha Second World War. Ngexesha nomsebenzi German-50% ye-khaya zokuhlala kunye 45% kwamashishini zoshishino yatshatyalaliswa kweli lizwe. Umonakalo iyonke kuqikelelwa kwi engange-16 billion kwamaxabiso pre-imfazwe.

Emva yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi, Estonia yaba kwindawo yokuqala ixabiso lotyalo nganye capita phakathi zonke republic eSoviet. Uqoqosho Estonian sele inikezelwe ngaloo minyaka;

1. complex Industrial. Developed nokombiwa (it yayiveliswa ioli shale, phosphorite, kunye umgquba) kwakunye imveliso. icandelo lokugqibela yayiquka zobunjineli, ukwenza iintsimbi, imichiza, textile kunye nokutya mveliso.
2. Energy. Kungenxa yezityalo yokuqala gazoslantsevy Estonia ehlabathini yakhiwa, yaye kwixesha elizayo, yaye inkulu lombane zezityalo zehlabathi kwi shales. complex Energy inikeza ngokupheleleyo iimfuno kwiriphabliki aze avunyelwe ukuba ukudlulisela inxalenye amandla kumntla-USSR.
3. Icandelo lezolimo. ezolimo Estonian kule minyaka eSoviet Union ezikhethekileyo yobisi kunye iinkomo zenyama kunye neehagu. zokulima basungula uboya, bee-ukugcina, ukulima iinkukhu. Khula zobugcisa, ukudla kunye nezityalo.
4. inkqubo yezothutho. Ukususela kwimihla yoBukhosi baseRashiya uhlala uphuhliso network kaloliwe kweli lizwe. Ukongeza, ukuphuhlisa indlela nothutho ulwandle.

Ukubuyiselwa ukuzimela noqoqosho guqula

Ngexesha ukubuyiselwa ukuzimela, uqoqosho Estonia kaThixo iphawulwa ngenguqu emfutshane. Le yokugqibela lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe ngamaqela ezine: yinkululeko, utshintsho noshowo kunye neyeziko, ukubuya impahla uhulumeni kubanini bazo efanelekileyo, nokuzinzisa. Inqanaba lokuqala zenguqu waphawulwa lenguqu ukuya ngummiselo amaxabiso kuphela umbane, ukufudumeza kunye lwezindlu zoluntu.

Ingxaki enkulu yaba ukwenyuka kakhulu. Ngo-1991, babengama-200%, kwaye ngo-1992-mu wavuka ukuya ku 1076%. Imali, nto leyo zigcinwa engange, ixabiso ngokukhawuleza. Njengenxalenye yale nkqubo omtsha zoqoqosho yabanjwa umva abanini propati kanye uhulumeni. Phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1990, inkqubo uthengiso kwaba phantse ngokupheleleyo. Ngelo xesha Estonia phakathi kwamazwe yokuqala ehlabathini ukuba baye inkqubo yerhafu yengeniso flat.

Imisebenzi kunye ukulayisha Estonia iindlela zothutho ukuqinisekisa urhwebo kunye sendleleni kwempahla evela Russian Federation. On iinkonzo zothutho lokuhamba accounted for-14% iyonke kwimveliso yasekhaya. Uninzi mali karhulumente Estonian (60%), kwamiswa ngeendleko zokuhamba Russian.

Ukukhula kwezoqoqosho emva eqale Estonia esiya EU

Uqoqosho Estonia emva ukujoyina i-EU iye yakhula ngendlela eyakhayo. Ilizwe kukutsala imali ebonakalayo mali kwamanye amazwe. Ngo-2007, Estonia yaye uhamba phambili phakathi republic eyayisakuba yiSoviet-GDP ngamnye. Ngelo xesha, iimpawu "nobushushu" yaqala ukubonakala kuqoqosho: ukuzinzisa izinga lokukhula kwamaxabiso kwakhona wenyuka, intsilelo yorhwebo linyuke nge-11%, kwaye kukho ekuthiwa-ixabiso kwiqamza kwimarike izindlu. Ngoko ke, ukukhula koqoqosho aqala ukuncipha.

Ukudodobala koqoqosho phakathi yeengxaki zemali ehlabathini jikelele

imikhuba emibi enxulumene nengxaki zezimali, waza wabonakala kuqoqosho Estonian. imveliso Industrial wawa ngo-2008, intsilelo mali okokuqala wavuma, yaye GDP yawa emithathu enesiqingatha ekhulwini. Nangona kunjalo, i-43% unciphiso yezithuthi kaloliwe kwi-8.3% kwandise kwamaxabiso kunciphisa imfuno basekhaya sehla ukungena.

Studies olwenziwe liqela ukusebenza kwe-University of Tartu, wabonisa ukuba uqoqosho Estonian liphuhlisa ngokwale meko yamaGrike. Kwilizwe eyayigquba kwiinkonzo zorhwebo kunye ihotele, kwakunye nokwakhiwa abasakhasayo, kungekhona mveliso, amalinge zemali kunye neenkonzo zoshishino obuphezulu. Le ntlekele iye inesandla uqoqosho Estonia, nto leyo ethetha malunga ukuwa nophuhliso ezikhoyo.

Ubume yangoku kuqoqosho Estonian

Uqoqosho Estonian kushwankathelwe yi amasebe zilandelayo:

1. Industry (29%). Ngokuqinisekileyo ukuqhubeka okhulayo chemical, imveliso, Intlama nePhepha, amafutha, amandla, ubunjineli ngoomatshini. A isabelo esikhulu GDP ulwakhiwo kunye ezithengiswayo.
2. LezoLimo (3%). Amasebe aphambili kwicandelo lezolimo Kukho inyama kunye zobisi iinkomo, iihagu. Ezolimo kakhulu benza ngokulinywa kokutya kunye nezityalo mveliso. Uqala nokuloba.
3. Iinkonzo (69%). Ukukhula okukhawulezayo Estonia kwenzeka kukhenketho, ingakumbi zonyango. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngokuphawulekayo landa inani offshore IT-iinkampani. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho lothutho nje emdeni karhulumente - oku kungenxa indima Estonia kuqoqosho lwehlabathi. Umzekelo, i-akhawunti sendleleni-75% yezithuthi kaloliwe.

iimpawu yeNgingqi kuqoqosho

uqoqosho Estonia kaThixo iphaphatheke indawo. Ngoko, kwi kumntla-mpuma yinxalenye icandelo lemveliso karhulumente-ziphuhliswe, ummandla yavelisa kwiikota ezintathu impahla eyenziweyo. La maziko aphambili woshishino lizwe engqonge Tallinn, Narva, Maardu, Kohtla-Järve, Kunda. Emazantsi Estonia ngokubanzi phambili kwezolimo, yaye inxalenye yasentshona lizwe luphawulwa kushishino aphuhlileyo, kunye nophuhliso ukufuywa kwezilwanyana kunye nokhenketho.

Finance, iibhanki kunye ityala lwangaphandle kurhulumente

Imali esemthethweni ke euro Estonia, kwinguqu esa lwemali yaseYurophu kunye kroon ugqityiwe ekuqaleni 2011. imisebenzi zebhanki Central kweli lizwe uzalisekisa i-European Central Bank kunye negunya yesizwe elinoxanduva lokongamela, nguye Bank of Estonia. Imisebenzi ye yokugqibela kukuba ukwanelisa iimfuno zoluntu ezinkozo, kwakunye nokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kunye nozinzo yonke inkqubo zebhanki.

malunga ezilishumi neebhanki zorhwebo ezisebenza Estonia. Kulo mzekelo, esithathwini-ezimbini ngaphezu kwe-asethi zemali ilawulwa abadlali ezimbini ezinkulu kwimarike zemali - i-Swedish Swedbank kunye SEB yebhanki. uphuhliso loqoqosho Esitalini yelizwe kwenza kube lula ukwandisa imihlaba yokubolekisa yebhanki.

ityala Public yangaphandle Estonia yeyona iphantsi phakathi amazwe aseYurophu Union, olubalelwa-10% iyonke imveliso yasekhaya njengoko ka-2012. Kulo mzobo yee-nineties malunga nesiqingatha GDP, kwaye ngo-2010 kufikelela 120% iyonke kwimveliso yasekhaya. Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha etyala ngala Amatyala emali amaziko ngetyala.

Inkqubo yoshishino yorhwebo langaphandle yelizwe

urhwebo Estonia zoba abamelwane ezisemantla, kwakunye Russia kunye European Union. Amaqela eziphambili kurhwebo lwangaphandle zizichumisi nezimbiwa, amafutha kunye zokuthambisa, neemveliso, oomatshini kunye nezixhobo, iimveliso ezahlukeneyo ndigqibile.

Ingeniso kwabasebenzi labemi, ingqesho kunye

Isabelo inkulu yabemi Estonia (67%) angabemi eyomeleleyo - awehlelwa bengenalwazi lokuSetyenziswa kwaMandla oLuntu Estonia yanamhlanje. Economy ngaphandle kwawo, Noko ke, umlinganiselo izinga lentswela yi-6%, okuhambelana avareji. Kwiyure enye (emsebenzini qho ngeyure), ugqirha unokufumana kancinane ngaphezu ezilithoba kowethu, abongikazi - ezintlanu kowethu, abongikazi, nanny kunye nabongikazi - euro ezintathu. Umvuzo avareji phambi kokuba irhafu ifikelele 1.105 euro. Lo mvuzo uphantsi ulingana euro 470 ngenyanga nganye.