Ubutyebi yeSizwe - uqoqosho ... RF. Ubutyebi besizwe of Russia

Kukholelwa ukuba ubutyebi wesizwe - iseti asethi noqoqosho lweli lizwe, ukuqinisekisa ubomi babantu, kwakunye imveliso yempahla kunye neenkonzo. Ngoko uthi methodology of the manani State Committee of Russia. Olu didi kwezoqoqosho ubonakalise amathuba ezoqoqosho kurhulumente, ngokucacileyo ibonisa amathuba ixesha elide yophuhliso lwayo.

Qaphela iyunithi eliyihloko: ingqiqo kobutyebi kazwelonke kutyhilwa ngulo didi - aseti zoqoqosho. Ngaphakathi kurhulumente iiyunithi konstitutsialnye bangabanini kubo kunandipha iingenelo zohlobo kwezoqoqosho. Ngenxa ukungxamiseka esweni rhoqo kwesi salathisi ukujonga ukusebenza kwale nkqubo zoqoqosho onke amazwe amisele rhoqo ekukhuleni kwayo kuphakanyiswe

Isetyenziswa yi ndlela yehlabathi yokuyibala Ubutyebi besizwe ichazwa ngeendlela ezimbini: indlela imigangatho yesizwe okanye ukulingana.

indlela balance

Ubutyebi besizwe xa kubalwa imali lichazwa njengexabiso equity net ngqo kwintsalela etafileni asethi namatyala (bona. Itheyibhile 1), sibhalwe ukuze amacandelo ahlukeneyo ezoqoqosho. Le - indlela yemveli ku Russia (kuqala - kuba USSR) abonisa ukuba esi salathisi njengendlela uqokelelo imveliso yabasebenzi, oko kukuthi, ubutyebi yesizwe eziyintlanganisela izizukulwana ngokusebenzisana kunye nezibonelelo zendalo inxaxheba kwinkqubo yezoqoqosho ...

Indlela kwenkqubo imigangatho yesizwe

Noko ke, njengoko iingcali uqaphele, inkqubo ye-akhawunti yesizwe ngempumelelo ngakumbi ukugqiba ubutyebi yesizwe. Oku - ngokwenene indlela jikelele, kuba SNA yiseti elungeleleneyo lwezalathisi ebonisa ezintsonkothileyo macro-noqoqosho karhulumente. Ukongeza iimpahla eziphathekayo wadala abantu zomsebenzi, inkqubo ye-akhawunti yesizwe sikwaqwalasela umahluko phakathi asethi zemali (2) kunye namatyala zemali (3).

Itheyibhile 1. Ubume ngokubanzi kobutyebi kazwelonke

Ubutyebi besizwe. isakhiwo

Chaza into eyinxalenye yenkqubo akhawunti ngokulandelelana yesizwe inkqubo Ubutyebi besizwe, ngokufutshane echaza amacandelo yayo.

asethi Non-mali, ukuba ipropati kweeyunithi eziko, ziyindlela ukuze imveliso kunye neenzuzo non-zoqoqosho azuza. Kumafa yayo, ziquka asethi esisigxina (yokuvelisa non-labenzi botywala abasakhulayo), ii-asethi zangoku, kwakunye amaxabiso.

A phawu uphawu-asethi ezisisigxina yi amaxesha zabo impahla eziliqela inxaxheba iimeko zasekuhlaleni. Ezi ziquka izakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo, oomatshini kunye nezixhobo, ezothutho kunye noqhagamshelwano, njalo-njalo. Bona bayakwazi ukunciphisa ixabiso labo ngenxa ukonakala eziphathekayo yokuziphatha. inqanaba banxibe kweeasethi esiqingqiweyo se-lizwe - a Isalathisi qhinga. Ngokukodwa, uqoqosho Russian kumphakamo wangoku iphawulwa umlinganiselo ebalulekileyo lokuhla asethi ezisisigxina. Ihlaziya kubo - ulwalathiso ebalulekileyo yophuhliso karhulumente.

Uluhlu lweempahla ezikhoyo ezikumila eziphathekayo - kukuthi, ngokukodwa, izinto, iimveliso agqitywa, imveliso ukuthengisa, kwakunye ethengelwe zokuthengiswa. yinxaxheba karhulumente kuphuhliso lwecandelo yemveliso luqinisekiswa kakhulu iinkampani zayo ezaneleyo zokhuseleko zokusebenza ezinkulu, 'umchako ekrwada "ngenxa yemveliso (amafutha, izixhobo, izinto efanelekileyo, isondlo, imbewu njalo njalo.). Noko ke, amakhonkco woqoqosho ze-esekwe kakuhle ethintela ukuyilwa esitokisini ngokugqithisileyo kweemveliso ezigqityiweyo.

asethi zemali njengoko nomoya, ubuntu babo - ixabiso. Zinelungelo phawu olulodwa: ukuba azidingi umnini - asethi xa kuthelekiswa umlingani walo - xexo.

Table 2. Ukwakhiwa kwenkqubo SNA Ubutyebi besizwe

Nangona kunjalo, la manani SNA musa ithathele ingqalelo udidi obhityileyo kakhulu, omnye izalathisi eziphambili ubutyebi yesizwe - into zabantu. indima yakhe kweli nqaku liza kuba nagama kamva. Okwangoku, iimpawu zayo zigqitywa parameters ezinjalo sobude ubomi, ipesenti umsebenzi labantu abasebenza okukhethekile, ixesha yengqesho esebenzayo, umjikelo usapho ubukho, izinga lokuzalwa.

Ubutyebi besizwe. iipropati index

Enye into ebalulekileyo kukuba ubutyebi wesizwe - njengenyathelo awumi ndawonye, kodwa utshintsho onamandla ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kuthatha isigqibo nanini na umhla, ixabiso intsalela.

Okwesibini, njengoko sele kuchaziwe, ubutyebi kazwelonke (NB) owahlukeneyo. Kwelinye icala - kwemithombo yendalo, kwelinye - imveliso yabasebenzi. Kwakhona iquka zombini ii-asethi zemali kunye nezo zingabonakaliyo.

Okwesithathu, ii-akhawunti ubutyebi yesizwe yonke impahla ento abahlali, abantu kunye amaqumrhu asemthethweni, kwanokuba amazwe.

izakhi uphawu

Iinkcukacha-manani ze ubutyebi yesizwe - ayikho iyunifomu. Kuyinto indlela eyahlukileyo ukuba uhlahlelo amacandelo eli nani enobuzaza uphakanyiswa ukusuka ubume bayo. Ukuba uyazibuza ngeentlobo zazo, sinako ukuchonga sokuzahlula ilandelayo:

1. Ukungadlaleki. Ezi ziquka izimbiwa, oovimba beqongqothiwe (indlela ubukhulu becala mveliso).

2. ukuzidlala. It is a umbuzo owabuzwa labemi eyomeleleyo yeempahla ze ngeenjongo zemveliso kunye nonproduction.

3. angaphatheki. Oku - niyayazi-njani oluntu eli lizwe, eveliswa nkqubo zayo kwezentlalo, ezemfundo kunye nokuzondelela amalungelo lwangaphakathi. Ezi zibandakanya impilo-ntle, amandla ngokwasengqondweni oselungelweni.

4. akhawunti ezihlawulwa kumazwe angaphandle kunye namaziko zemali.

The main iparameters

Iinkcukacha-manani ze Ubutyebi besizwe kusekelwe kuhlalutywa iparameters yayo. Ngoncedo lwabo, isakhiwo esikhanyayo liwonga nempahla karhulumente: iimfuno ze-National Bank; asebenzisa ngayo urhulumente; amacandelo, imali kunye nesakhiwo; ukwakheka kunye zobukhulu; uhlobo nokukotshwa ubutyebi besizwe kunye kwanangamacandelo alo; achaza Component.

Ngenxa yoko, i-National Bank uchazwa isethi yee-asethi eziphathekayo kunye nezibonelelo zoqoqosho, echaphazela ngqo andisa eyandisiweyo oluntu.

ubuncwane emhlabeni. izibalo

Russian Academy of Sciences kuqikelelwa ubutyebi iyonke yesizwe jikelele. Le rate wayezimisele ngokusekelwe iingxelo ze-data World Bank. ixabiso layo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane xxi ngokomyinge kuwo onke amazwe kwaba $ 550 ezigidi zezigidi. Cinga ngendlela ngokubanzi ulwazi. Isabelo lwezakhono zoluntu oko kwenza inxenye enkulu - $ 350 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi, Natural Resources - $ 95 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi, ezoshishino kunye asethi non-zemveliso - $ 90 ezigidi zezigidi.

Ngokutsho manani,-50% kobutyebi wesizwe behlabathi bobabo kumazwe aphuhlileyo of Western eYurophu, USA, Canada kunye Japan. National Bank of the United States kuqikelelwa kwi $ 24 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi, $ 95 zezigidi ubutyebi wesizwe OPEC ulawula inxalenye enkulu loovimba yeoli behlabathi, 40% kwamaxabiso kwemveliso kunye nehlabathi yona. Amazwe awayesakuba ico bobabo National Bank, ekulelona $ 80 ezigidi zezigidi.

Ngokutsho izazinzulu zikhankanywe ngasentla ukuqikelela ubutyebi yesizwe eRussia $ 60 ezigidi zezigidi. Ilungu le umba yabantu kuwo - $ 30 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi, imithombo yendalo - $ 24 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi, impahla mveliso kunye non-nemveliso - $ 6 zezigidi.

Umlinganiselo ngasentla kwihlabathi Ubutyebi besizwe iboniswe kuluHlu 3.

Itheyibhile 3. A Isakhiwo kobutyebi kazwelonke

Ubutyebi besizwe of Russia

Akumangalisi, Russia yeyethu inzuzo ezininzi ngaphezu kwamanye amazwe ngokwemigaqo ubutyebi ngamnye ummi omnye (400 thous. $), Owona izihlandlo ezine avareji yehlabathi. Ke kaloku, umlinganiselo lexinene labemi Russian square kilometre nganye 8,39 umntu ngoxa eFransi lo mzobo ngu 119, kuba Italy - 200,52, eJamani - 229,12.

uvavanyo onomtsalane Ubutyebi besizwe eRashiya. fund komhlaba - 12.5% yehlabathi. ERashiya isiqingatha zolondolozo yamanzi ehlabathini, ngaphezulu kwama-50% yomhlaba abamnyama, ngaphezulu kwama-60% kwamahlathi coniferous le planethi. babelawula Russian kwemithombo yemvelo elingeneyo, asezikhundleni isabelo esikhulu lwezibonelelo zendalo ehlabathini. Ngokukodwa, koovimba igesi RF i-32% ye-oyile yehlabathi - 13%; zinc - 15%; iron - 26%; carbon - 11%; zinc - 15%; nickel - 36%.

uhlobo ekrwada kuqoqosho

Iingcali zithi kuqoqosho Russian Federation ngelo xesha ngoku izinto ekrwada. Kuthetha ukuthini? A yonge oli ekrwada kunye negesi (75%) athunyelwa kwaye ikota kuphela Lonakele inxaxheba kurhwebo lwasemakhaya. Xa isakhiwo oyile GDP nencindi Russia kunye negesi ziyathandwa share ebalulekileyo: malunga ne-32%, ngelixa iimveliso zobunjineli - malunga ne-5%. Lo mzobo yokugqibela, njengokuba sisiva, ayingqinelani amathuba ezoqoqosho kunye nezobunzululwazi Russia. Zonke indaba le ntetho ngqo kwemfuno kwiimalike zehlabathi ukuba izinto ngenxa nkqubo protectionist yaseNtshona ngayo iimveliso ngamandla sinika kunye capital ezibhalwe "eyenziwe Russia".

Dynamics yemveliso oyile Russian ubonisa utyekelo ukukhula. Okwangoku, umthamo kwemveliso yawo kakhulu amanani umxhelo isiqingatha billion yeetoni. Uqoqosho Russian isengozini iirisithi lwemali evela kwintengiso ioli, kubandakanywa utyalo-mali kwicandelo oomatshini, ukuvumela ukuya kubuchwepheshe obutsha. Oko geni eRashiya, "igolide black" Uluhlu 4 kubonisa.

Uluhlu 4: ioli Russian

Uninzi ioli Russian (Urals igama lorhwebo) - 65% - lukhutshwe kummandla Tyumen. Noko ke, kule imigodi ixesha elide kule ngingqi kuza kuncitshiswa, lo gama ngaxeshanye njengoko East Far kunye nokukhula yaso eqikelelweyo kwiMpuma eSiberia.

Nokuba bhetele igesi tshintshayo nokunyuka Russia (bona. Uluhlu 5). Uhlalutyo Iimpawu zoqoqosho wabonisa lo mkhwa uyingxaki: yokuziqhelanisa kwakhona uqoqosho nokusebenza zemathiriyeli ekrwada idlula isantya sophuhliso ngezobunjineli.

Uludwe 5. Dynamics lwemveliso igesi eRashiya

Noko ke, uvavanyo Ubutyebi besizwe eRashiya abuyonto ngaphandle izithintelo ubunzulu phindo yayo. They are systemic. In Russia on lwabasebenzi kwi akhawunti ubutyebi yesizwe ye-50% komyinge, kwemithombo yendalo - 32% yemveliso eyinkunzi kunye non-imveliso, ngokulandelelana - 18%. Kwangaxeshanye, ubutyebi kazwelonke emazweni Western, umyinge umba yomntu 78,4%.

Indima phambili umba yabantu kwinkqubo kobutyebi yesizwe

Ngokutsho kweengcali, hayi kuphela imigaqo ixabiso elililo, kodwa isakhiwo ubutyebi yesizwe yinto ebalulekileyo karhulumente ntle. Noosozoqoqosho yesikolo eChicago kwi 70s kwenkulungwane lokugqibela bebone into ebalulekileyo kwisakhiwo i-National Bank of indima ephambili edlalwa yi into zabantu. Sele ekhankanywe ukuba umgangatho walo ixhomekeke amacandelo ezininzi; umgangatho nobomi ekulindeleke, imfundo kunye nemveliso gross umntu ngamnye. Ukuba ikota kwinkulungwane edluleyo, i-Russian Federation kule index ababekolo kwindawo 23th, ngoku - 66th.

Uthengiso okanye ngabom ngokuchasene nemeko yomntu?

izinto ezahlukeneyo ubutyebi bezizwe kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo uvakalelo kwintlekele yoqoqosho. Kwindawo yokuqala sokumiselwa lwenkunzi yomntu uvavanyo yayo zemakethi yabasebenzi lwasekhaya.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba kulo ngokutsha iindleko kwicandelo likarhulumente, imveliso ziye zeroed. Le ndleko elincane sisiseko amaxabiso eli lizwe. Ngenxa yoko, umthetheli usomashishini lwanikwa ithuba lokwenza Intelekelelo Isahlulo izihlandlo ezilishumi enkulu GDP ngaphezu abasebenzi mveliso abanezakhono.

Ngexesha privatisation USSR asethi zemveliso ixabiso yabasebenzi nganye kuqikelelwa abanini ezintsha kuluhlu 0.1 - 0.5 $ th .. Thelekisa, ukuqingqwa kwexabiso lemarike iinkampani US zisekelwe kwixabiso abasebenzi 100 lamawaka. $. Ingakumbi, le ZIL inkampani kunye namakhulu-sewaka abasebenzi iye zentengiso for $ 16 million. Ngokufanayo zentengiso Uralmash, ndingaz, kunye nezinye inkqubo lwamashishini.

Ukuguqula uqoqosho Russian, ngokunxulumene nezibonelelo "Washington Imvumelwano" ngo-1990 ayizange iguquke oku kungalingani. ngqongqo umgaqo-lawulo wemali, kunye nokuvulwa akuthethi ukusihlangula kuloo meko. Okwangoku ke, i-Russian Federation-20% yomvuzo ezilahlwayo, musa ukunika amaholo ngalinye ilungu losapho. Ukuze kwenziwe le nemeko yomntu (ingakumbi labenzi botywala abasakhulayo), thina kufuneka imigaqo-nkqubo yezentlalo noqoqosho ekujoliswe kuzo.

isiphelo

Ubutyebi yesizwe Russian Federation kwi langoku kwibakala kufuna vandlakanyo lutsha ebalulekileyo yeencindi ukuba avelise amandla okukhula izinzile. Undoqo kukwandisa inani lwezakhono zoluntu. Ukuze wenze oku, ukubonelela iimali ezongezelelweyo kunye nezibonelelo. Le oligarchs kuya kufuneka ukwabelana "iqhekeza kwekeyiki 'azo eRashiya GDP, leyo ziphele mazigqithiselwe kwiibhanki iidipozithi Western.

Ngoko ke abantu zoshishino, wayeyithanda ngokwandisa ingeniso yabo, uya phantse ukuba utyalo-mali lwabantu Russia - i inzuzo, uze ufunde ukwenza njani ngendlela. Mhlawumbi lo mbono kufuneka kwanele ukuba 'kuchaza "i oligarchs karhulumente.

Kwelinye icala, kuya kuba imfuno kunye nezibonelelo ezizodwa, ulawulo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza lotyalo-mali factor yabantu.