Uphi na isiqithi Spitsbergen. Isiqithi Svalbard ongumnini?

Isiqithi Svalbard ihlala ukuba abaninzi baseRashiya, uhlobo "terra incognita" - umhlaba ngakuphi. Abanye abantu bade bakufumanisa kunzima ukuphendula umbuzo uhlanga kulo mmandla. Abantu abaninzi bayazi kuphela ukuba Svalbard imi ndaweni intlomo yasentla, ngaphaya Arctic Circle kunye Russian Federation linaso ethile elungileyo.

Nokuba kuyimfuneko ukuthelekisa le siqithi kunye Kurils? Siza kucacisa mbuzo ungezantsi. Ngaphandle indawo i "phantse kwi-North Pole", waya Svalbard zithandwa kakhulu. Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi nini ukuya isiqwenga polar somhlaba, apho ukuhlala noko ukuze sibone, siya ukuchaza kweli nqaku.

Uphi na isiqithi Spitsbergen

Makhe siqale isihlomelo encinane. Inyaniso kukuba inkcazelo 'siqithi "ngokunxulumene Svalbard uya kuba engachanekanga. Le Island. Ilala enye kuphela kunye moya seyure ukusuka North Pole. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba indawo eqhelekileyo - engaphele ndawo iyintlango ngekhephu, permafrost, amabhere.

Nqabakazi, kunye indawo elipheleleyo ezikwere zeekhilomitha amathandathu ananye amawaka, iqulathe iziqithi ezintathu ezinkulu, zibe sixhenxe amancinane inani elikhulu elincinane kakhulu. Enyanisweni ahlale kuphela nje enkulu - West Spitsbergen (37,673 km ^2). Mnye kuphela moya kunye ikomkhulu mmandla, isixeko Longyearbyen.

Ngaphandle kwawo, i-West Spitsbergen kukho iilali: Barentsburg, Ny-Alesund, Grumant kunye Pyramid. Laa maziko mabini yokugqibela ngoku bamshiya. On kwezinye iziqithi (i-Land North-East, Edge, Barents, White, Kongsøya, UWilhelm Svenskøya) abantu musani abahlala kweshumi, kwaye nagoko kuphela ehlotyeni. Inani labantu lonke Nqabakazi ngabantu ngaphantsi kwe amawaka amathathu.

sezulu

Spitsbergen Island siyifumana Arctic Ocean phakathi 76 m ne-80 degrees inkululeko ngasentla ne-10 ° -32 ° yeside ngasempuma. Nangona kunjalo, eli lungiselelo akuthethi ukuba Nqabakazi - into eqinileyo iyintlango Arctic. Ngenxa Shpitsbergskomu umlambo (isebe le-Gulf Stream) uLwandle kude nonxweme zange iqina. Imozulu kwi Nqabakazi ayikho ngokuqatha kwezinye iindawo kwi ngama efanayo. Umzekelo, umlinganiselo wobushushu ngoJanuwari apha degrees 11-15 ngezantsi zero. kuphela +6 ° C elele ngoJulayi ubushushu.

Ixesha abakhenkethi kukho ezimbini: ukususela ngoMatshi ukuya Ngamana kuza abalandeli fun yasebusika kwaye ufuna ukungenela polar zasebusika ngqwabalala. Bakhwele snowmobiles, bayinqule izibane wasentla. Ukususela ngoJuni ku-Agasti Nqabakazi yandwendwelwa abaphulaphuli eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Abakhenkethi sixhamle imini polar, kayaking phakathi kwazo, ebuka amabhere. Kukho abo bathi lesi leziqithi njengesiseko lohambo endleleni eya North Pole.

uhlobo

ENorway kubiza kwisiqithi Spitsbergen Svalbard, elithetha "inyele aqumbe." A umDatshi Barents ogama Nqabakazi singavulwanga neempawu zemozulu, kwaye isiqabu - ". Mountains waveza" Ngolwimi le discoverer oku kuvakala ngathi Spitz-Bergen. Ephakeme kunazo yi Newton. Le ise-West Spitsbergen. ukuphakama kwayo ayikho likhulu kakhulu - 1712 eemitha, kodwa indawo okuyo zeentaba yenza ibe litye ezigqunywe likhephu.

Hi ndlela leyi, umkhenkce egubungele ngaphezu kwesiqingatha indawo yonke Nqabakazi. Nokuba ehlotyeni uyakwazi ukufumana iziqithi ikhephu. Coast kwezi ziqithi inqunyulwe, imifula ezininzi. Uhlaza Zinjalo kumathafa. Uvumelana i ezinde, nenomlanga, willow polar, ulele kunye ubulembu. Esi silwanyana zixhaphakileyo - lebhere elimhlophe. Zihlala apha njengoko Impungutye Svalbard adle (isinciphiso zonke iintlobo emantla). Iintaka becala ukubhabha ngethuba ehlotyeni. Ebusika, kukho kuphela nesakhwatsha polar. Kodwa ulwandle macala kunxweme Spitsbergen into enyakazelayo zasendle ezahlukahlukeneyo. Apha zifumaneka iminenga, walruses, iminenga ukutya namatywina.

indaba

Kungenzeka, Nqabakazi yabhaqwa Vikings ephakathi. Encwadini yeembali 1194 ekuthethwe esima Svalbard. Malunga ukususela ngenkulungwane XVII, Spitsbergen Island yaba Pomerania eyaziwa. Abo bambiza Grumant. Kuba ihlabathi uvule lencinibakazi nomhloli Dutch William Barents ngo-1596, nangona malunga ngexesha elifanayo lokubonakala siqithi, wanqula lizwe ngeetshathi Saints Russian.

Ekubeni Barents wachaza ukuba zibonwa emanzini basekuhlaleni oominenga mikhulu, wakhawuleza ukuya elunxwemeni izikhitshana ezininzi zokuloba. Kungekudala amabango abo kwiziqithi baqalisa ukubonisa eDenmark kunye UK. Kule minyaka ingama-60 ngenkulungwane elinesibhozo, kukho amaphulo enzululwazi baye batyelela, ahlelwe M. Lomonosov.

Nangona isibakala sokuba Russian akakheki kukho ilali, ezinye unxweme-abahlala apha ehlotyeni ukuloba. Xa izilwanyana Nqabakazi kuhlala kuphantsi ngeliso, siqithi liye lashiywa iminyaka elikhulu. A ukuphazamiseka entsha umdla e Svalbard wavela Ekuveleni XIX-XX iinkulungwane, xa abantu uzimisele ukufikelela North Pole. Free amanzi ice kunye nemozulu epholileyo ngokwentelekiso siqithi esetyenziswayo Arctic hambo. Svalbard iye yaba kwisiseko lokuqala enkulu.

Isiqithi Svalbard: ongumnini?

Xa kwafunyanwa leziqithi le iidiphozithi amalahle enamandla kwakhona enomfutho umdla Ezilahlekileyo Isles kwi Arctic Circle. Kodwa ke ngo-1920, umbuzo lobunini mhlaba karhulumente ekugqibeleni wagqiba ihlabathi. In Paris ukuba utyikitye ekuthiwa-Spitsbergen Treaty, ekuthe ngenxa yawo kwahlaziywa ulongamo lencinibakazi kumka eNorway. Noko ke, ngokutsho kwesi sivumelwano, onke amaqela kwisivumelwano (i-UK, US, France, eJapan, eSweden, Italy, eNetherlands, yaye kamva eSoviet Union) Akuvumelekanga ukufotokopa eli ilungelo ukuphuhlisa izimbiwa.

Ingaba Kufuneka I-mvume lokundwendwela Nqabakazi?

Enyanisweni, akukho. Ngapha koko, akukho nto, ogama kwisiqithi Spitsbergen abemi onke la mazwe-abasayinayo bakhululekile ukuba atyelele Nqabakazi. Noko ke, xa kusenziwa, ukufikelela ku Svalbard ngqo ukusuka eRashiya ayikho lula. Kuphela kwixesha apho wambi wathumela moya charter, kunye nezihlalo kwi-moya ebekelwe kubaphandi polar okanye izicaka zoluntu. Ngoko ke, abakhenkethi kufuneka ukubhabha nge Oslo (iinkampani SAS and "Norwegian Airlines"). Oku kufuna Schengen visa eminzinzi ukungena eNorway. Ungandwendwela i Nqabakazi kwaye ngethuba yokulwa zodidi kwi nqanawa, "Kapitan Khlebnikov".

ukhenketho

Abasemagunyeni Norwegian ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ngokutsha uqoqosho Nqabakazi xa imiqathango yokunciphisa abantu iminenga kunye amabhere, kwaye ukuwa kwamaxabiso amalahle. Ngoku inomtsalane le uKhenketho lwezendalo. indlela entsha. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, amabini kuphela amawaka abakhenkethi ngonyaka tyelela kubanda siqithi. Musa negalelo kuphuhliso kolu shishino kunye nexabiso. Apha yonke into eninzi: ukusuka ehotele (uguqulelo uqoqosho ilula iya kuxabisa dollar ezilikhulu ubusuku ngamnye) phambi kokuba isidlo. Noko ke, abakhenkethi abazizityebi oku akayeki. Ukwanda ukuba umkhenkce, ukuqabela ulwandle, inja sledding, yokuqokelela eziphili zamandulo (lencinibakazi kakhulu) - konke kufakwa kwinkqubo enyanzelekileyo.

Islands - Indawo yorhwebo duty-free. Ngenxa yakhe, abemi lencinibakazi uhlala baseNorway afumileyo kwilizwekazi. Ukususela abasebenzi mazikhuselwe kwisiqithi Spitsbergen. Umsebenzi kwimigodi abaninzi babeyeka baza ajikwa imyuziyam. Musa ukuyeka imveliso yamalahle kuphela basemgodini Russian. Nangona le imveliso ayikho inzuzo kwaye inkxaso ngurhulumente.

cash scandal

Ngowe-1993, le ngqekembe zokubhiyizela "Spitsbergen Island" kubalwa yinkundla eMoscow. Yayibonisa ibhere elimhlophe kunye nemephu lencinibakazi. Njengoko imali nombhalo 'Russian Federation ", Norway wathabatha oku ngokuhlaselwa nommandla wayo. I Umqolo ozakuzo kwakuhlala kuphela xa imali sele kuyekiswe ejikeleza. Zihleli ezandleni abaqokeleli eziinkozo ebezifunwa kakhulu.