Undoqo yomntu ukusuka kwindawo ngembono-bulumko European

Ukuvela of Christianity uphethulele ukuqonda yentanda iingxaki zabantu - endaweni yokuba omnye iziqalelo iphela njengoko kwakunjalo ngenxa yamandulo, uze uye kuhlala kwindawo ethile enikwe yena nguThixo. Kwelinye icala, ukuba wadalwa nguThixo, ukuba abe umsebenzi okhethekileyo, kwelinye - ahlukane naye ngenxa yokuwa. Ngoko ke, ingcinga zenkolo kwiinkulungwane zokuqala ixesha lethu le nto indoda ngokwesiko dualistic, uphuphu. Xa ifilosofi lamaKristu kumaXesha Aphakathi kuyo kugcwele yi imfundiso ukuba ngemvelo yobuThixo kwaye lomntu kuyafana ngomfanekiso kaKristu. UKristu waba ngumntu, ngaphandle oyekayo ukuba nguThixo, yaye kwangaxeshanye umntu ngamnye ngenxa familiarizing lubabalo, esiza kuKristu.

Le yindawo ekhethekileyo iphela, phakathi nelezihlambo bentlungu uThixo akwenzele yawona le Renaissance ngaloo ndlela 'sekuba ", leyo, babekholwa, kunxulumene ngqo macrocosm (kwaye kulo mdlalo omabini pantheism nobugqi zamaKristu). Sazigqibela ukuba umntu engenanto kwaye kungekho namnye unako awafani, kunye uNikolay Kuzansky, Paracelsus, Boehme yaye yathi "macrocosm kunye sekuba -. Lowo ngumongo elinye" Nangona kunjalo, lo rationalism entsha yaseYurophu ngokwahlukileyo yaphakamisa umbuzo wokuba yintoni isiseko woMntu. Ekubeni Descartes phambili kwenkcazelo ebekwe phantsi ukukwazi ukucinga, kuba nkcukacha yokuba rationalism ukuba abantu babone oko engqondweni. Ukuba oko Descartes kubonwa ubudlelwane phakathi kweenxalenye ngokwenyama nangokomoya a paralellizm psychophysical, i Leibniz likaPawulos wangena kuwo ndawonye. Ukukhanya, wabulela La Mettrie, wasinika aphorism ezinjengezo "ndoda-umatshini", njengoko sobulumko French babekholelwa ukuba umphefumlo efanayo isenesazela, usabele kwizinto ngaphandle kunye nezo ziphuma ngaphakathi.

Ngenkulungwane XVIII, ingxaki "undoqo lomntu na," waba ngomnye imibuzo esisiseko bulumko. Umzekelo, kant ophuma utoliko dualistic ngenxa yokuba nengqiqo, endingowakhe "yonke" ezahlukeneyo - yimfuneko zendalo yokuziphatha. Ubiza ukuba amalungu zonke eyenza yobuntu, kunye pragmatics - yintoni sisidalwa esinengqiqo wenza okanye akwazi ukuzoba kuso. Noko ke, abanye abameli bulumko wezinto iJamani sathathwa njenge imbonakaliso imodeli le Renaissance (ezifana umalusi, Goethe, ukulwela 'intanda zendalo romanticism "). Abelusi wathi umntu - oku ke, ungumkhululwa lokuqala endalo, ngenxa yokuba iimvakalelo zakhe azikho nalawulwa njengokuba izilwanyana, yaye bayakwazi ukudala inkcubeko, kwaye nkqu Novalis wabiza imbali yokufundwa isicelo.

Xa Philosophy Hegel ngayo uMoya ovela uhlobo ukususela nesiqalo nokufika yokuba nenengqiqo. Eli umntu Hegel i self-ukuqonda umxholo Absolute. Ekuqaleni, uba uyazi buqu ukuba luluvo (yabantu, phenomenology, psychology); ngoko - njengoko injongo (umthetho, ukuziphatha, urhulumente); yaye ekugqibeleni njengoko uMoya ingundoqo (art, inkolo kunye bulumko). Kunye kwimbali yokugqibela igqibe uphuhliso iimbono kunye nomoya njengoko obuyela ngokwayo, ngokutsho umthetho kuphika of kuphika. Ngokubanzi,-bulumko waseJamani eli xesha, ukholelwa ukuba abantu ngabalawulwa umsebenzi yokomoya, nto leyo idala ihlabathi inkcubeko, ngabathwali izimvo eqhelekileyo isiqalo eyamkelekileyo.

Sele Feuerbach wagxeka Hegel, uyiqonda indoda leyo njengabantu zenyama-corporeal. Marxism uza ingcaciso zendalo kunye nentlalo kwi "Homo sapiens" zisekelwe kumgaqo le monism dialectical ezibonakalayo, ngokuba njengoko imveliso kunye umbandela kubomi kunye nokusebenza. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo - yiyo yezentlalo womntu, njengoko zizo zonke ezahlukeneyo nobudlelwane kwezentlalo, Marx utshilo. ngekhulu XIX bacebisa yabantu amagama ezingenangqondo, ubonisa eyona namandla ami ngaphandle yokucinga (iimvakalelo, baya, njalo njalo). Okona kuphambili kule ndawo Nietzsche ucinga ukomelela umdlalo kunye imvakalelo, kunokuba sizathu nokuphila. Kirkegor okubaluleke akubonayo kwisenzo lomyolelo, leyo, enyanisweni, kukho ukuzalwa babantu, yaye apho umntu yendalo iba bayondliwa ngokomoya.

uhlobo Biosocial woMntu kubonwa kungekhona nje ingcamango ethandwayo kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini; ngokuba yawona zobudala mihla ingakumbi ochaphazelekayo malunga umntu, ngokunxulumene ngayo iinkalo ezininzi bulumko bethu banamhlanje ebizwa personalistic. Ngokutsho kwabo, ukuba umntu akakwazi kungancitshiswa naluphi na isizathu esisiseko. Yalahla iindlela ezentlalo ngomatshini, ebomini kunye personalism ezifuyelwa kumacala ahlukeneyo ingqikelelo sobuntu (njengenxalenye indalo yonke kwezentlalo) kunye nobuwena (a unique yokomoya self-determination). Ideas 'ukuphila ubomi "(Dilthey) kunye phenomenology (Gusserl) idale isiseko yokufundwa yentanda njenge flow owahlukileyo (Scheller, Plesner, Geleen," yokufundwa yenkcubeko Rothakkera et al.). Nangona abameli Freudianism kunye nezikolo ezinxulumene iimpawu ihlala indlela yendalo.