Umthi Wamandla eRussia: iSikimu

Umgaqo apho icebo lomthi wamandla kunye namasebe lwakhiwa luqale luyilwe nguJoe Locke, utitshala ongumNgesi owayehlala kwikhulu le-17. Wayengumdlali ochasayo wongcinezelo kwaye wayekhuthaza imbambano yentsebenziswano yezenhlalakahle kunye nokunciphisa. Ngenye yemisebenzi yakhe, uLikeke ucebise ukuhlula amandla kumagumbi amathathu. Emva koko, lo mgaqo uye waxhaphaka. Makhe siqwalasele ukuba yintoni isicwangciso somthi wamandla.

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo

Umbhali wendlela yokwabelana ngamandla uLikeke ucebise ukuluhlula ngamasebe amathathu:

1. EliLawulayo. Intloko yayo kufuneka ibe yikosi.
2. Mthetho. Imele ipalamente.
3. IFedited. Esi sikhokelo solu lathiso, imisebenzi yomgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle iyenziwa.

Kwisebe elilawulayo kwakhona uLocke wathabatha inkundla. Umfundisi waseFransi uSh. L. Montesquieu ucebisa umzekelo wemveli. Iskimu sakhe somthi wamandla kubandakanya:

1. Abantu.
2. Amaziko oLawulo. Kwakhona wayemelwa nguMongameli kwaye ngandlela-thile ulinganiselwe.
3. Amandla okusesikweni. Umsebenzi wayo kwakuza kubelwa izigwebo ngenxa yezophulo-mthetho kunye nokulungisa iingxabano phakathi kwabantu.
4. Amandla omthetho. Kufuneka lwenziwe ngumbutho wabameli kunye nokubonisa imfuno yoluntu.

Umthi wamandla kunye namasebe, ngokweMontesquieu, wenza njengolu hlobo lwesimo esingenakungaqhelekanga kunye nesingqinelanayo karhulumente. Nangona kunjalo, umgaqo-siseko wakhe wawungakhange ukhankanywe ngokulandelelaniswa kwezikhokelo. Kwakucatshulwa ukuba isikhundla esiphambili siza kuhlala sihlala sisiko lamandla omthetho. URousseau wasekela inkolelo yokuhlukana. Nangona kunjalo, umthi wakhe wamandla wakhiwa ngomgaqo wokubaluleka kolawulo lwentlanga. URousseau ubandakanyeke kakhulu ukubamba intando yeninzi.

EU.SA

Ekuqaleni, iMelika yadalwa njenge-republic. Ngelo xesha, i-confederation yavakaliswa kwinqanaba lokuqala. Ekugqibeleni, yatshintshwa yaba lizwe laseburhulumenteni. Abasunguli be-US bawandise kakhulu inkolelo yokwabelana ngamandla. Baye baqinisekisa imfuneko yokuzimela kunye nokuhlukaniswa kwezikhokelo eziphambili. Okwangoku, i-dominante yayiyinkampani yezomthetho. Ukukhusela ukungalingani, kwagqitywa ukuba ukwahlula ipalamente kumagumbi-phezulu nangaphantsi. Umyalelo wokunyulwa kweyokuqala kule meko wawuhluke kakhulu kwimigaqo eboniswe kweso sibini. Igumbi eliphezulu lalijoliswe njengekhuseli kwigumbi elingaphantsi. Amagunya okugweba anendima ekhethekileyo.

Ihlabathi

Kwilizwe lomgaqo-siseko, umthi wamandla ubonisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwepalamente, urhulumente kunye nentloko karhulumente. Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zikaRhulumente eziphuhliswe ngamagunya ahlukeneyo. Ngako oko, le nxalenye okanye eso sicwangciso somthi wamandla senziwa.

Bakala 3: ihlabathi elijikelezile

Uqhelwano lokuqala nomgaqo wokwahlula izikhokelo zorhulumente weli lizwe linikezelwa abantwana esikolweni esiprayimari. Kwizifundo zehlabathi elijikelezile, zinikwe icebo elilula lomthi wamandla. Ibanga lesi-3 ayifuni ukufundwa ngokujulile ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zikaRhulumente. Abantwana banikwa ulwazi jikelele ukuze benze iingcamango zezixhobo zokuphatha zorhulumente. Ngoko batyhila umthi olula wamandla. IBanga lesi-3 libonelela ngenkqubo equka ukufundiswa kunye nomgaqo onjalo njengomGaqo-siseko. Emva kwakho konke, kulukho umgaqo oqatshelwe ukuhlukana kwamaziko karhulumente kwiinkcukacha.

U kumkani

Umthi wamandla kunye namasebe aseRussia ngethuba lobukhosi obunqongophele (phakathi kwembini iinguqulelo zembali) lucinga ukuba ipalamente inelungelo lokukhupha imithetho, kwaye i-tsar iyakha urhulumente kwaye inethuba lokubeka i-veto kwizenzo eziqhelekileyo. Enye inkqubo yayise-UK emva kokuphela kweNguqulelo ezukileyo. Kulo kumkani wasephalamende, intloko yelizwe ithathwa njengeliso. Akasebenzisi amandla akhe ngokuzimeleyo. UMongameli unelungelo lokwenza urhulumente wabameli abaphumeleleyo bamaqela kunye nesininzi. Unako ukunikezwa ngamanye amagunya. Nangona kunjalo, inene ilizwe lilawulwa yintloko yekarhulumente Lo mthi wamandla unakho kuphela xa kukho inkqubo ezinzileyo yeqela lamabini.

Ulawulo lobukhosi

Onke amandla, njengoko igama libonisa, ligxininisa ezandleni zekosi. Kule meko, ngokuqinisekileyo, akukho ntlukwano yentetho. Okwangoku, umguquleli owaziwayo uSperansky ucebisa iphrojekthi, eyenza umbuso womgaqo-siseko kwaye uqalise imizimba emeleyo kwi-system. Ukongezelela, kwacetywa ukuhlanganisa umgaqo wokwabelana ngamandla:

1. Umthetho ogqityiwe kwiDuma.
2. IsiGqeba - uMongameli.
3. Ubulungisa - kwiinkundla ezikhokelwa yiSenate kunye nejaji.

IBhunga likaRhulumente lingenzela ukufumana amandla athile. I-Decembrists inemibono yabo kulo mbandela. Ngoko, u-Pestel ucebise ukuseka urhulumente we-regublican rule. Kule nkqubo kwakujoliswe ukuzisa ukwahlula kwamandla kwisigqeba (kubandakanywa nezogwebo), umthetho kunye nolawulo. Ukongezelela, kwacetyiswa ukuba kwandiswe umgangatho wendibano kawonkewonke. Ngokwiprojekthi ye-Muravyov, kwacetywa ukuseka umbuso womgaqo-siseko, inkqubo yombuso. Kwiprogram yakhe amandla ahlukaniswe abe ngumthetho, wezogwebo kunye nokulawula, ipalamende ye-bicameral yaziswa. UAlexander II wenza iinguqulelo. Ngenxa yoko, i-self-government yendawo kunye neenkqubo ezidibeneyo zenkundla zenziwa. Ngo-1905-1906, emva kokudalwa kwe-State Duma, umgaqo wokuhlukana kwamandla wagqityiwe kwiManfesto ka-Oktobha 17. Ngokuhambelana nomqulu, inkosi kunye ne-State Duma kunye neBhunga likaRhulumente elinamandla omthetho. Kwakhona, umbusi wanikwa igunya lokulawula. Iinkundla zenza imisebenzi yazo egameni lenkosi. IBhunga labaPhathiswa laba likarhulumente ozimeleyo phantsi komlawuli.

KwiRiphabhliki kaMongameli

Ngale fomu karhulumente, umthi wamandla ubonakala kakuhle. Umgaqo-siseko we-US ka-1787 umise umgaqo oqinileyo wokuhlukana. Ngokuhambelana nenkqubo emiselweyo, ukhetho lomongameli lwenziwa yindlela eyongezelelweyo yepalamente. Ulawula onke amandla olawulo kunye noorhulumente. UMongameli unelungelo le-veto eligxekayo kwaye akakwazi ukutshabalalisa ipalamente. Le fom imisebenzi ngaphandle kwenkqubo yeqela. Nangona kunjalo, akuboneleli iindlela zokuphelisa iintlungu zomgaqo-siseko.

Umthi Wamandla eRashiya: iSikimu kwixesha leSoviet

Kwixesha lamaSoviet umgaqo wokuhlukana wawungagcwaliseki ngokwenene. Onamandla onke aphakathi kwamaSoviet (ngokusemthethweni kunye nabantu). Iinqununu kunye namanye amabhunga atyunjwa ngabo kwaye alawulwa yiyo. Umthi wamandla eRussia kwixesha lamaSoviet wachaza ukuba kukho elinye iqela. Unyulo lwaluqhutyelwe ngaphandle kwesinye. Iqela lithumele abameli balo kumaSoviet, kunye nabo ukuya kwamanye amabhunga.

I-republic republic

Ngale fomu karhulumente, umthi omnye wombutho waseRashiya ufunyenwe. Iskimu kulo mzekelo asichaza ukuxhotyiswa kwamagqeba okulawula kunye namagunya. UMongameli kwiRiphablikhi enjalo ngokuzimela usebenzise yonke imisebenzi. Ubumba urhulumente, utshintshe umthetho, utshabalalise ipalamente. UMongameli unelungelo lokutyumba ii-referendums. Ikhethwa ngabantu, kodwa ngexesha elifanayo liyakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukunqoba kwayo ngokusebenzisa ulawulo lobutyebi. Kwezinye iimeko, i-referenda ibanjwe ukwandiswa kwamandla kaMongameli. Le fomu karhulumente iyimpawu yolawulo lolawulo. Ngethuba elifutshane, linokumiselwa ixesha lokuphelisa ingxaki yomgaqo-siseko. Ngokukodwa, lo ngumthi wamandla eRashiya ukususela ngoSeptemba 21 ukuya kuDisemba 25, 1993.

Ukuguqulwa kwee-1988-1993.

E-Russia kwakukho utshintsho oluninzi lomgaqo-siseko. Ngethuba lokuguqulwa kwe-1988, uMthetho oMgaqo-siseko wawulungiswa. Ngokukodwa, i-system-tier system of Soviets yakhiwa. Ngaloo ndlela, unyulo lwabaphathi belizwe lwenziwa ngabemi, kwaye kwakhiwa iBhunga eliPhezulu lenziwa yiCongress. Ukongezelela, izilungiso zinikezelwa ithuba lokukhetha abaviwa abazimeleyo. Ngo-1990, ngokokuqala ngqa kwi-USSR, unyulo oluthe lwabanjwa. Ngonyaka kamva, izilungiso zenziwe kuMgaqo-siseko we-RSFSR, ngokuhambelana neKomiti yoLongamela kunye neBhunga leNkampani. Ngomnyaka we-1991, ukuvakaliswa kweso sigqibo malunga nokumiselwa kwesikhundla somongameli kwenziwa. NgomGaqo-siseko, akazange acingwe njengeNtloko yelizwe, kodwa wenza njengesikhulu esiphezulu samagosa alawulayo.

Kwakhona kwakhona umba wohlulo lwamandla wakhuliswa ngo-1992. Oku kungenxa yenkxalabo enzulu yomgaqo-siseko kweli lizwe. Ngenxa yoko, ngoSeptemba 1993, ukulungiswa kwenzelwa, ngexesha apho inkcaso yazama ukugumbuqela uMongameli wase-Yeltsin owayengummeli. Nangona kunjalo, intloko kaRhulumente ithathe amanani amanyathelo, kuquka ukuchithwa kwenkqubo yeeSoviet kulo lonke ilizwe, ukudluliselwa kwamagunya okulawula kunye nokulawula kummandla wengingqi kunye neengingqi. Ngomhla kaDisemba 12, 1993, umgaqo-siseko omtsha wavunywa kwi-referendum kazwelonke, eyasungula umgaqo wokwahlula kwamandla, osebenzayo namhlanje.

Isiphelo

Ingcamango yokwabelana kwamandla iye yatshintshwa. Kwimimiselo yamazwe ahlukeneyo, kwakukho amalungiselelo amaxesha aphuma kwiimpawu eziqinileyo zokuqala. Ababhali bomgaqo-nkqubo babecinga ukuba ubukhulu bamaziko omthetho. Kodwa kwii-19-20 zeenkulungwane. Isebe elimele umphathiswa alinakuqiniswa, kodwa isebe elilawulayo. Oku kubangelwa ubunzima benkqubo yonke yolawulo kwimimiselo yokuphuhlisa kunye nokuqheliswa koluntu. Kuloo mazwe apho isebe lomthetho elinamandla, laliphantsi kwefuthe elikhulu lemibutho yezopolitiko. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi, oku kubangele ukungazinzi kwindlela yokulawulwa karhulumente kunye nokutshintshwa koorhulumente kaninzi, kwaye kwinkqubo yenkampani eyodwa-ukuya kwi-union coalition. Kwiimeko zanamhlanje, ukwahlukana akukwenziwa phakathi kwamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo, kodwa kukho ukwahlula kwendlela efanelekileyo yamandla. Kwimeko epheleleyo, akukho zixhobo zokulawula ezininzi. Kwakhona, amasebe omandla akanakusebenza ngokupheleleyo.