Umgudu wombane: uphawu lwezinto eziphilayo

I-eel yombane yintlanzi edala ukukhutshwa okwangoku kwe-650 V. Leyo yombane inokubulala umntu osondeleyo. I- eel ekhulile ngokwesondo ifinyelela kumamitha amathathu ubude, ngelixa ububanzi bayo buba malunga neentimitha ezilishumi. Amalungu amathathu kagesi ahlala malunga nama-80% omzimba we-eel, ama-20 asele ahlala namanye amalungu enza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo (ukuvelisa, ukuphefumula, ukugaya, njl njl).

Njengomthetho, amanzi apho i-eel kagesi ehlala khona ihluphekile kwi-oksijini, kunjalo, ayikhathazi. Kwiminyaka emininzi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, wafunda ukuphefumula i-O2. I- eel yolwandle olutsha lunokubona kakuhle, nangona kunjalo, ngaphezu kweminyaka, amehlo akhe ahla kakhulu. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba indawo apho ahlala khona, amehlo ayinakunceda kakhulu. I-acne iphuma kwimpembelelo yombane (40-50 V), ezi ntlawulo eziphantsi kwee-voltage zibanceda bafumane ixhoba labo.

Kubo bonke abameli bezilwanyana, iintlanzi kuphela ziyakwazi ukuvelisa umbane onokuphazamisa okanye ukubulala umntu. I-electroorganism ezikhethekileyo zisebenza njengeentlanzi zokufunda, ukukhusela, ukuzingela kunye nokunxibelelana. Ukukhutshwa kombane kunokuvelisa iintlobo malunga neentlobo ezingama-250 zeentlanzi, nangona kunjalo, iintlobo ezimbini kuphela zeentlanzi (i-eels kunye nemibala) zivelisa umrhumo wendlela enokuthi ibulale umntu. Umbane uvela emzimbeni wazo zonke izilwanyana, kubandakanywa nabantu. Amagalelo kagesi adluliselwa kunye nemibilini ye-nerve ukuya kwi-neurons yengqondo, ngoko ke imiqondiso eyahlukahlukeneyo isasazwayo ephakamileyo emzimbeni. Emzimbeni weeels kunye nemisebe, kuninzi amandla akhiqizwayo ukuba akwazi ukuyisebenzisa njengesikhali. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, izazinzulu zenzululwazi zenze ukuba iimpembelelo zentsholongwane ziyi-electrochemical nature. Ngamanye amazwi, kwanao minyaka yokuqala kwakuboniswa ukuba iimpawu zentsholongwane - ukunyakaza kwe-ions ngokusebenzisa umlenze we-neurocyte. Kwimeko yokuzola okanye ukungasebenzi, iiseli zeembrane zalo zinokuthi zibi (i-i-ions zifakwe ngaphakathi), kwaye zombini i-ions eziphathekayo kunye ne-positive (i-sodium ne-potassium ions) ziqokelelwa ngaphandle. Ngethuba lokungena kwe-ioni ye-ioni kwiseli, ukutshintshwa kwezinto ezinokuthi zibe ngileyo. Kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo ngenxa yokusebenza kwe "sodium pump" iseli ilahla ion i-sodium.

I-eel yeentlanzi ivumelane kakuhle ngokwaneleyo ukuze iphile kwindawo ekuthinjweni, yindawo yokuhlala rhoqo yamanzi asekhaya. Ezinye izilwanyana zibonisa ubuchule obukhethekileyo be-eel ngoncedo lwe-bulb yombane, iingcingo zalo ezisehliselwa kwi-aquarium. Ukubona ixhoba elingenakunokwenzeka (iintlanzi ezincinci, iziqwenga zokutya), i-eel kagesi iqala ukuvelisa umbane kummandla wamanzi. Ukuze kuvezwe ingxolo eqhubekileyo eyenzeka ngenxa yokukhutshwa kombane, izandi zokukhulisa izandi zifakwe kwi-aquarium. Ukuphatha isilwanyana esinjalo kuyinkampani eyingozi.

Iingcali ezikhethekileyo ze-eel zenzululwazi ziye zafunda iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini, i-acne yayisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya umphumo wegesi zentsholongwane ezithintela ukuhanjiswa kweempembelelo, ngoko ke, ukwazi ukuphazamisa umsebenzi osebenzayo wezitho ezibalulekileyo (intliziyo, imiphunga, inkqubo yokutya). Iigesi eziphazamisayo zikhubaza ukucoca kwe-acetylcholine (umlamli) emva kokuba ibambe "i-sodium pump" ye-neuron. Njengomthetho, i-acetylcholine emzimbeni ngokukhawuleza iyahlukana emva kokuzalisekisa umsebenzi wayo oyintloko. Inkqubo ye-hydrolytic ilawulwa yi-enzyme (i-cholinesterase). I-gesi yentsholongwane ibimbela umsebenzi we-enzyme.

I-Electroorganism ye-eel ibonakaliswe ngumxholo obalulekileyo we-cholineterase. Iingcali zezempi zasebenzisa i-acne yombane njengomthombo wale enzyme, eyayiyimfuneko yokufunda indlela yokwenza amagesi omzimba emzimbeni womntu.