Umfanekiso weFaust kwintlekele yeGoethe

Ngomfanekiso weqhawe eliphambili lomonakalo weFaust, uGoethe ubona nje ukubonakalisa kwakhe, kodwa naye umntu wexesha lakhe, ixesha loKhanya, ukuveliswa kweenkcubeko kunye nefilosofi yaseJamani.

Goethe kunye neNkanyiso

UJohnn Wolfgang Goethe ngokuqinisekileyo wadibanisa zonke iimpawu zengqondo. Wayengumlobi, umbhali weprose, umcangcili obalaseleyo, umxhasi onamandla wokuthandana. Kukho kuyo enye yeyona ndlela enkulu kwiJamani ephela-ukukhanya. Indoda yelizwe lakhe, uGeethe wamukelwa ngokukhawuleza kwiinqanaba zefilosofi zaseJamani ezibalaseleyo. Isitayela sakhe esibukhali ngokukhawuleza saqala ukuthelekisa neVoltaire.

Biography

UGeethe wazalwa ngo-1749 kwintsapho ecebileyo yobuntsapho. Wafundisa iisiseko zezobugcisa zonke ekhaya. Kamva imbongi yangena kwiYunivesithi yaseLeipzig, kodwa oko kwakungeke kwanele kuye. Waphinda waphumelela kwiYunivesithi yeStrasbourg. Emva kokupapashwa "Ukunyamezwa kukaWerther Young" kwanyatheliswa, udumo lwehlabathi lwafika kuye.

I-Goethe ihlala ixesha elide kwindawo yokulawula phantsi kweDuke-Weimar Duke. Apho wazama ukuzithobela, ukuhambisa iingcamango eziphambili zekhulu kwinxalenye yonke kwaye akhonze uluntu olungileyo. Ukuba ngumboninkulu weWeimar, waphazamiseka kwezombusazwe. Isikhundla sakhe esisebenzayo asizange simvumele ukuba ahlanganyele ekudaleni.

Ixesha lesiTaliyane

Umbhali wawela ekudakaleni waza wabuya wakha umkhosi wakhe eItaly, ilizwe le-Renaissance, i-masterpieces kaDainci, uRafael, inzululwazi yeqiniso. Kwakukho apho indlela yakhe yokubhala yabhalwa ngayo. Uqala kwakhona ukubhala amabali kunye neengxelo zefilosofi. Ekubuyeni kwakhe, iGoethe igcina isithuba soMphathiswa weNkcubeko kunye nomsebenzi weNtloko ye-theatre yendawo. UMbusi womphefumlo akayithandi kumhlobo wakhe uSchiller kwaye udla ngokumbonisana naye kwimicimbi ebalulekileyo yezopolitiko zelizwe.

Goethe neSchiller

Enye yeenguqu zokujika ebomini nomsebenzi kaJohn Wolfgang wayeqhelana noSchiller. Ababhali ababini bokuqala abaqhelekanga ndawonye kuphela ukuhlakulela i-Weimar classicism, eyisekwe yiGoethe, kodwa iphinda iqhutyelane rhoqo kwizinto ezintsha. Ngaphantsi kweempembelelo zikaSchiller, uGeethe wabhala iindibano ezininzi kwaye uyaqhubeka esebenza kwi-"Faust", eyayifuna kakhulu uFriedrich ukubona. Nangona kunjalo, "Faust" yaphuma kuphela ngo-1806, xa uSchiller engasaphila. Inxalenye yokuqala yenziwa phantsi kokulandelwa kokungapheli kwe-Eckermann, unobhala onobomi kaGoethe, owathi wagxininiswa ukuba ihlelwe yintlekele. Inxalenye yesibini yakhutshwa emva kokugqithiswa komlobi ngokwakhe.

I ntlekele "Faust"

Ngaphandle kokunyaniseka, kunokuthiwa "Faust" ngumsebenzi oyintloko wembongi. Inkathazo kwiindawo ezimbini yabhalwa iminyaka engamashumi mathandathu. Ngokutsho kwe "Faust" omnye unokukwazi ukugweba indlela i-evolutionary writing creativity yadlula ngayo. Ukudala amaqhekeza ngexesha elithile lobomi bakhe, iGoethe iphetha kule ntlekele intsingiselo yobomi.

UDkt Faustus

Umlobi akazange aqalise umgca ophezulu wesalathiso, wawuthatha kwiindalana zabantu. Kamva, abalobi abaninzi baya kubuyela ibali leFaust ngokucwangcisa kakhulu, ukuluhlula eli bali ngokusekelwe kwiincwadi zakhe. Kwaye uGeethe wafunda malunga nalo mlando xa wayeneminyaka emihlanu ubudala. Wabona inkundla yemidlalo yamatye njengenkwenkwe. Ngaloo nto baxelele iindaba ezimnandi.

Ingcamango inxalenye isekelwe kwiziganeko zangempela. Emva kokuhlala kukaJohn-Georg Faust, ugqirha oqeqeshiwe. Wenza inyaniso yokuba wayehamba ukusuka edolophini ukuya edolophini waza wenza iinkonzo zakhe. Ukuba imithi yendabuko ayinakunceda, wathatha umlingo, ukufundwa kweenkwenkwezi kunye ne-alchemy. Ogqirha baphumelele kwaye baziwayo phakathi kwabo bathi uFaust wayeyintliziyo elula eyayingabamba umntu onobukhohlakeleyo. Abafundi beliphilisa eyunivesithi, apho engazange afundise khona ixesha elide, bathetha ngokufudumala kakhulu ngogqirha, becinga ukuba ungumfunayo wenyaniso. AmaLuthere ambiza ngokuba ngumkhonzi kaSathana. Umfanekiso kaFaust wawubonakala kubo kuwo onke amnyama.

I-Faust yangempela yafa kwiimeko ezintle kakhulu, ngokukhawuleza, ngo-1540. Emva koko baqala ukwakha iimbali nokwakha iingcinga ngaye.

Umfanekiso weFaust kwintlekele yeGoethe

Umsebenzi malunga neFaust yindlela ende yobomi kumntu onikwe imbono ekhethekileyo yehlabathi, amandla okuziva, amava, udaniwe kunye nethemba. I-protagonist iphetha umcimbi kunye nomtyholi kuphela kuba ufuna ukuqonda zonke iimfihlelo zehlabathi. Ufuna ukufumana inyaniso engekho nto yokufumana, ukufumana inyaniso, ukukhangela ngokukhawuleza ulwazi olungakumbi nolutsha. Kungekudala uyaqonda ukuba yena akayi kukwazi ukufumana iimpendulo zemibuzo, akayi kuba nako ukutyhila zonke iimfihlelo.

Ngenxa yolwazi, iqhawe likulungele ukuhlawula nayiphi na intengo. Emva kwakho konke, yonke into esekhompilweni kaFaust, yonke into ehamba naye, iyimfuno. I-Goethe inika iqhawe i-gamut epheleleyo yeemvakalelo ezikhoyo. Kulo msebenzi uhlala ecacasy kwiqiniso lokuba wathola ingqolowa yolwazi olutsha, ngoko kwinqanaba lokuzibulala.

Umsebenzi oyintloko weqhawe akukhona nje ukwazi umhlaba, kodwa ukuziqonda. Umfanekiso weFaust kwintlekele "Faust" ikhumbuza into ye- perpetuum ehambayo. Ubomi bakhe abuguquki kwisangqa, abuyi kubuya kwimvelaphi yaso. Uhlala ehamba phambili, enze izinto ezintsha, ukuhlola engaziwayo. Ukufumana ulwazi, uhlawula umphefumlo wakhe. UFaust uyazi kakuhle into ayifunayo, kwaye oku kulungele ukwenza uSathana.

Iimpawu eziphambili ezithatha umfanekiso weFaust kwintlekele "Faust" -nyamezelo, inzululwazi, inzuzo. Umlingisi oyintloko akayi nje ukuzama ukuqonda ulwazi olutsha, ufuna ukukunceda abanye ngoncedo lwabo.

Umfanekiso weFaust kwintlekele yeGoethe nayo inempawu ezingalunganga: umnqweno wokufumana ulwazi ngokukhawuleza, ukungaqiniseki, ukungathandabuzeki, ukungakhathali.

Umgcini-msebenzi walo msebenzi ufundisa ukuba awukwazi ukubukela emva kwaye uzisole okuthile, kufuneka uphile ngoku, khangela into eyenza umntu ujabule. Nangona kuthethwa kakubi, uFaust wayephila ubomi obonwabileyo, engazange azisole kuze kube ngumzuzu wokugqibela.

Umfanekiso weMarguerite

U-Margarita-intombazana ethobekileyo, engenamdla kwimibandela emininzi, isibe isilingo esona siphezulu seqhawe eliphakathi. Wajika umhlaba wonke wezenzululwazi waza wamzisola ngokuba akanalo amandla phezu kwexesha. Umlobi ngokwakhe wayemthanda kakhulu umfanekiso kaMarguerite kwintlekele "Faust", mhlawumbi amchazela ngoEva waseBhayibhileni, owanika isiqhamo esinqatshelwe kuAdam.

Ukuba yonke iminyaka yobomi bakhe I-Faust ithembele engqondweni yakhe, ngoko, ukudibana kwisitrato okuqhelekileyo kwintombazana yokuqala, uyathembela entliziyweni nangemizwa. UMargarita emva kwentlanganiso kunye neFaust iqala ukutshintsha. Ukhupha unina ukuba ahambe ngosuku. Le ntombazana ayinakhathazeka njengokuba umntu unokucinga ngcaciso yakhe yokuqala. Ubungqina obuchanekileyo bokuthi ukubonakala kungakhohlisa. Emva kokudibana noMephistopheles, intombazana iyaqonda ngokucacileyo ukuba kungcono ukuziphepha.

Umfanekiso kaMargarita Goethe wathabatha kwisitalato ngexesha lakhe. Umbhali wayehlala ebona amantombazana amnandi kwaye anomnene, obhekene nantoni. Abakwazi ukuphuma phakathi kwabo kwaye baya kulahlwa ukuchitha ubomi babo ngendlela abafazi beentsapho zabo abazenza ngayo. Ukuzama okungakumbi, la maantombazana awela phantsi nangaphezulu.

Emva kokufumana ulonwabo kuFaust, u-Margarita ukholelwa kwisiphumo esingcono. Nangona kunjalo, uchungechunge lweziganeko ezimbi zimthintela ukuthanda uthando. UFaust ubulala umntakwabo, engafuni oko. Uqalekisa udade wakhe ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe. Ngaloo mingcipheko ayipheli, kwaye, xa ehluphekile ngaphezu kokuba, ngenxa yokuguga, uMargarita uya ejele. Ngexesha lokuphelelwa lithemba, amagunya aphezulu ayamsindisa.

Umfanekiso weMephistopheles kwintlekele "Faust"

I-Mephistopheles ingelosi ewiweyo ekhokelela ingxabano engunaphakade noThixo malunga nokulungileyo nokubi. Ukholelwa ukuba umntu uphuhlisiwe kangangokuthi, ukuvumela ukuba enze isilingo esincinci, unokumnika kalula umphefumlo wakhe. Ingelosi iqinisekile ukuba uluntu alufanelekanga ukulondoloza. Faust, ngokutsho kweMephistopheles, iya kuhlala isecaleni lobubi.

Kweminye imigca yomsebenzi iMephistopheles ichazwa ngokuba ngumtyholi, owayesakuba neempembelo ezibukhali, iimpondo kunye nomsila. Akayithandi i-scholasticism, enqwenela ukuba ahambe kwi-sciences eziphazamisayo. Ukubi, kunceda, ngaphandle kokukwazi, ukufumana inyaniso kwiqhawe. Umfanekiso weMephistopheles kuFaust unzima ukuphikisana.

Ngokuqhelekileyo kwingxoxo kunye neengxabano kunye neFaust, i-Mephistopheles ibonakalisa njengengcali yefilosofi ejongene nomdla ngezenzo zomntu kunye nenkqubela. Nangona kunjalo, xa ethetha nabanye abantu okanye imimoya emibi, ukhetha ezinye iimifanekiso. Akayi kuguqa emva komnxibelelwano kwaye uxhasa iingxoxo nangayiphi na isihloko. U-Mephistopheles udla ngokuphindaphindiweyo uthi akanayo amandla. Isigqibo esona sigxina sincike kumntu, kwaye unokusebenzisa kuphela ukungalunganga.

Uninzi lweengcinga zikaGoethe zatsalwa ngomfanekiso weMephistopheles kwintlekele "Faust." Bazichazela ngokugxeka ngokukhawuleza kweentlanga zamandla. Ngelo xesha, umtyholi unenzuzo kwizinto eziphathekayo ezingenabunzima bobukhosi bentloko.

Nangona ukufana okukodwa phakathi kweedemon kunye ne-protagonist, umfanekiso we-Mephistopheles kwintlekele "Faust" iyahluke ngokupheleleyo kuye. Faustus ufuna ubulumko. Kwaye uMephistopheles ukholelwa ukuba akukho bulumko. Ukholelwa ukuba ukukhangela inyaniso ngumsebenzi ongenanto, kuba awukho.

Abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba umfanekiso weMephistopheles eFaust yi-subconscious of the ugqirha ngokwakhe, ukwesaba kwakhe okungaziwa. Ngethuba elungileyo xa uqala ukulwa nobubi, idemoni incokola nomgcini-mbonisi. Ekupheleni komsebenzi iMephistopheles ayinanto. UFaust uyavuma ngokuzithandela ukuba ufezekisileyo, uye wafunda inyaniso. Emva koko, umphefumlo wakhe uya kwiingelosi.

Hero of All Time

Umfanekiso ongapheliyo weFaust waba ngumboniso kumaqhawe amaninzi eencwadi ezintsha. Nangona kunjalo, kubonakala sengathi uyagqiba umtya wonke we "loners" wabhaliweyo abajwayele ukulwa neengxaki zobomi. Ngokuqinisekileyo, umfanekiso weFaust unamanqaku eHlett Thinker Hamlet okanye umkhuseli ocacileyo woluntu, uDon Quixote oswelekile, kunye noDon Juan. KuFaustus Faustus ininzi inqwenela ukuza enyanisweni kwizenzululwazi zendalo, iimfihlelo zendalo yonke. Nangona kunjalo, ngexa uFaust engazi mida ekukhangekeleni kwakhe, uDon Juan uyeka kwiimfuno zenyama.

Elinye lala maqhawe linama-antipodes ayo, enza ukuba imifanekiso yabo igqityiwe kwaye ibonakalise ngokukodwa i-monologue yangaphakathi nganye. UDon Quixote unesiSancho Panza, uDon Juan uncedisa uSganarelle, kunye neFaust elwa ngokulwa namafilosofi namaMephistopheles.

Umphumo womsebenzi

Emva kokushicilelwa kwentlekele ngokuthandana nolwazi olunzulu, izazi ezininzi zefilosofi, i-culturologists kunye nabaphandi bafumene umfanekiso weFaust Goethe unomdla kangangokuthi baye bachonga uhlobo oluthile lomntu obizwa nguSpengler ngokuthi "Faustian". Laba ngabantu abaqaphela ukungapheliyo kunye nenkululeko kwaye bayayilangazelela. Ngona esikolweni, abantwana bacelwa ukuba babhale isicatshulwa, umfanekiso weFaust ekufuneka ukhankanywe ngokupheleleyo.

Kule ncwadi le ntlekele yayinempembelelo enkulu. Abaphefumlelwe yincwadi, iibongozi kunye nabalobi beprose baqala ukutyhila umfanekiso weFaust ekudalweni kwabo. Amacebo kuye akwizinto zaseByron, Grabbe, Lenau, Pushkin, Heine, Mann, Turgenev, Dostoevsky naseBulgakov.