Umdwebi waseRussia, umphathi wefresco kunye negraphic icon e-Guriy Nikitin: i-biography, ubugcisa kunye neenkcukacha ezithakazelisayo

IRashiya isoloko idume ngokuba yinkcubeko yayo yesityebi kunye nenani elikhulu leetalenta. UGuriy Nikitin ungomnye wabantu abadumileyo kunye nabavelele kwipragram yaseRussia kunye nopopu lwezithonjana. Ubomi bakhe nomsebenzi wakhe wawela ngekhulu le-17 waza washiya uphawu oluqaqambileyo kwimbali yenkcubeko yaseRashiya. Kwaye nangona idatha yangempela kumculi, oye wasinda nanamhlanje, ahluke kakhulu, imisebenzi yakhe, ukubhala ngesandla ngabanye kuya kuhlala ngonaphakade imimiselo yamandla okomoya okwexesha elidlulileyo.

Biography

Umhla wokuzalwa kukaGuriy Nikitin awungaziwa. Phantse oku kwakuqala kwe-1620/1625. Umzi wasekuhlaleni umculi wexesha elizayo nguKostroma. I-Nikitin iyintsimizo yomculi, okanye kunoko, i-patronymic (Nikitich-Nikitin). Igama lakhe lenene nguKineshemtsev. Ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kwakhe kwezobugcisa, wahlala emininzi yezorhwebo kwityuwa kunye neentlanzi.

Usapho

UBawo Guria Nikitin (uKitita Kineshemtsev) wafa ngo-1653 ngexesha lomoya ocolileyo, ngoko unina wayenhloko yentloko kaSolomonida. UGuria wayenomntakwabo kaLuka, okanye njengentsapho yakhe yamthiya, u-Auchka. Wayenomsebenzi wokugubungela.

Ukongezelela kunina kunye nomntakwabo, uGuria wazala uMichail noFedor. Babenabantu abacebileyo. Emva kokufa kwabo, uGuriy Nikitin wathabatha ivenkile ezininzi zedolophu kwengubo yoboya, indwangu kunye neentlanzi.

Ngokuphathelele ubomi bobuqu bomfanekiso weentengiso uyaziwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba wayengatshatanga, wayengenabantwana. Oku kuboniswa ukungena kwiNcwadi yeMhlaba, kwenziwa emva kokufa kwakhe. Ibonisa ngokucacileyo unyaka wokufa kwe-icon yecentter (1691) kunye nokungabikho kwezindlalifa.

Ukudala

UGuriy Nikitin ukususela kwiminyaka yobudala wabonisa italente yokudala. Lapho afundiswa khona, awaziwa. Umphandi oyintloko womsebenzi wakhe ngu-V.G. UBryusov ucacisa ukuba uVasily Il'in, umculi odumile waseKostroma kunye nomfanekiso wezithombe zeso sikhathi, unokuba ngumfundisi kaNicitin.

Kodwa kwiintlobo ezininzi kwiinkqubela phambili zokuvelisa umama wekontrakta yecawa yesikhathi esizayo enegalelo. Ejonge kwilizwe lakhe, umfana uGuri wayenendlu epholileyo, ukutya kunye nosapho olumnene. Kwaye kwesoxesha elinzima ukudala umfazi ofanayo waseRashiya owashiywa engenakho inkxaso, kwakunzima. Kamva, umfanekiso womfazi ongumama uya kufumana indawo ekhethekileyo emsebenzini kaNikitin.

Indlela yakhe yobugcisa yayingelula. Emva koko, uGurii weza evela kwintsapho elula yokusebenza, kude nekiso lokudweba. Umculi wafumana amava amaninzi xa epepta iicawa zaseMoscow (iSonto Lintathu, iCathedral yaseKoscow eKremlin) njengenxalenye ye-Kostroma artel. Ukongezelela kumakhosikazi aseKostroma, abadwebi bezithonjana abanetalente baseYaroslavl, Novgorod, naseMoscow basebenza apho.

Le ntshukumo yokudala yelo xesha yayiyi-Nikitin inqanaba lokuqala lokuzithemba kwimbali yobugcisa. Ukuzibonakalisa njengomculi onobuchule, uGuriy wamkela iimemo ezininzi ezivela kwiicawa zaseOrthodox eRussia kunye noTsar Aleksei Mikhailovich ngokwakhe ngenxa yeendonga zodonga kunye nokubhala / ukubuyisela iimpawu.

Ukubhala ngesandla ngesandla

Ethetha ngobuqaqawuli kunye nomqondiso wepeyinti ye-icon yaseRussia, oogqirha bezobugcisa basoloko bebhekisela kwintsimi ekhethekileyo yokuba uGury Nikitin. Imizobo yakhe yinto ekhethekileyo yokudibanisa i-decorativism kunye nesigwebo somsebenzi omnye. Akunangqondo nje ukuba ukuqhuma komsebenzi wakhe kuhambelane nokunyuka kobugcisa obuhle kunye nobukhulu baseRussia (isiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-17).

Yonke imisebenzi yomculi ogqwesileyo kunye nomfanekiso wezithonjana unendlela ekhethekileyo, ngesandla. Wakhela iziqulatho zemizobo emgangathweni wokulinganisa okungenasi-mirror, ukungafani kokusetyenziswa kokukhanya nomthunzi. Abagxeki bezobugcisa bayayiqaphela ukuguqulwa kwangaphakathi, umlinganiselo wesiqhelo ekumiseni imifanekiso. Ukongeza, i-murals yeGuria Nikitin ifaka imibala eyahlukahlukeneyo, ngokuqinisekileyo iphakamisa umphumo wokuzibumba kweziqulatho.

Imisebenzi eyaziwayo

Ukubhekisela kwimisebenzi yokuqala yobugcisa kaNikitin ibuyele ngo-1650. Idibene nomdwebo wevolanda yeCawa yovuko noBathathu Emathandathu eCathstral. Iifrescoes zikaGuriy Nikitin kwiContralral Exaltation Cathedral eRomanov (ngoku eyiTutaev) (ekuqaleni kwee-1650), kwi-Monastery yaseDanilov ePereslavl-Zalessky (1662-68), kwi-Assumption Cathedral (eRostov Kremlin, 1670) kunye Itempile kaEliya umProfeti (Yaroslavl, 1680). Kulo hlobo lokugqibela, uNicitin waphinda wachaza iimpawu zeeholide.

1666 yayinzima, ixesha elibalulekileyo kwicawa yaseRashiya. U-Nikitin wathatha inxaxheba ebonakalayo kwimifanekiso yokubuyiselwa kweCathedral yeNtloko. Izandla zakhe zivela kwimifanekiso yabanamandla-abafel 'ukholo kunye neengqungquthela eziliqela zobunjwa obukhulu "Isigwebo sokugqibela".

Iconography

Indlu yomculi kunye ne-icon-peetter yayingekho kude neCapehedral Epiphany. Ewe, oku kuthetha ukuba u-Guria wayebandakanyeke ngqo kwimifanekiso yecawa. Imidwebo ecacileyo kakhulu, iimpawu zikaGuriy Nikitin kwi-kedarta yabuyela ngo-1667-1672.

Ngaloo nyaka wayibhala iipropress folds ezenziwa ngu-Queen Maria Ilinichna. Ukubunjwa kwabo kwenzelwe ngendlela ephakathi kwendlela eboniswa ngayo iNtombikazi yaseKazan, ngakwesokudla-uNicholas uMmangaliso, nakwesobunxele-uMartyr Great Agrippina no-Evdokia. Kwakhona, iimifanekiso eziyisixhenxe zadalwa ku-patriarch Macarius waseAntiyokwe.

Iimpawu ezininzi zabhalwa nguNikitin kwi-Assumption Cathedral. Phakathi kwabo: "Isigwebo sokugqibela", "Isibonakaliso", "Inzala yeSt. UMoya "," iKazan in Miracles ".

Umsebenzi wokugqibela uyilo "I-Old Testament Trinity" nguGuria Nikitin kwiCathedral yeTrinity-Sypanovskiy eKostroma, ebhalwe ngo-1690.

Imisebenzi eyenziweyo

Kukho imisebenzi emininzi yobungcali, ukubhala okubanjelwe kuGuria Nikitin. Nangona kunjalo, abazange bamkele isabelo esaneleyo. Ezi ziquka "i-Feodorovskaya icon yeNtombikazi enegaleko" (1680), "Abafelwa nguMartyrs Kirik no-Iulita" (1680s), "Ukuphakanyiswa koMnqamlezo" kunye nefresco yeNdlunkulu ye-Ipatiev e-Kostroma. Ngokweenkcukacha zembali, ezinye zazo (umzekelo, "iFoodorovskaya icon ...") akwenzeki imisebenzi yomculi, kodwa ukubuyiswa kokusebenza kwemisebenzi yabaphambili.

Inyaniso

UGury Nikitin wayehlala ebuntwini kunye nentombi, kodwa intsapho yakhe yayingenaso ukudibana kwintsapho. Ewe, kwaye i-icon-peetter ayizange ithathe i-tonsure. Isigqibo esinjalo sasiyimfihlelo yomculi kubantu bakhe. Nangona kunjalo, kwirekhodi lesikhumbuzo seentsapho zikaNicitin, emva komhla wokufa koyise wentsapho, igama likaHelen Scheme linikezelwa. Abaphandi bacetyisa ukuba eli lilungu lecawa likamama kaGuria (uSolomonides), owayesele ekhulile waya kwi-monasteri.

Ngomnyaka we-1659, xa abaculi beetekethi abanetalente beyadingeka ukupenda i-Archangel Cathedral eMoscow, uYemelyan Pushkarev wagxotha eKostroma. Nangona kunjalo, wayenemilenze ebuhlungu, kwaye kungekudala wathunyelwa. Ekutshintsheni kwakhe, wakhuthaza amakhosi amaninzi-abantu bakwamanye amazwe, phakathi kwabo kwakunguGuriy Nikitin. Umculi waphumelela ngokugqithisileyo ubungqinisiso kwaye ngo-1660 wathola isikhundla se-icon yomdwebo wecandelo lokuqala.

UGury Nikitin wayengumntu oyintloko (okanye umongameli) wezobugcisa bezobugcisa beCostroma. Nangona lininzi lamalungelo elesi sikhundla, umculi wayenomsebenzi omkhulu emsebenzini wakhe kwaye akazange avumele ukuba aphumle, asebenze ngokuhamba kunye nabalingane bakhe kwintengiso nangaphezulu. Xa ukuhlobisa i-Monastery yase-Ipatievsky kunye neCawa likaEliya umProfeti, wayezimela ngokuzimeleyo iziqendu zeefrescoes ezizayo, kwaye washiya umzobo wabantwana.

Igama elithi "Guri" lithetha ngokuqinisekileyo "umlindi osebenza nzima". Yiloo nto kanye uGuriy Nikitin. Ubomi bakhe buyi-sketchy, kodwa iimemori zabantu bexesha zibonisa ukuba umculi we-icon wayengumntu onobubele kunye nomntu oyika uThixo. Ukubhalwa kweefayili kuye kubekho ngokuziphendulela ngobugcisa kunye nendawo yokomoya. Kukho imeko eyaziwayo xa eqala ukupenda umfanekiso kaMama kaThixo ka-Theodore eLentend, ngokukade evuma waza wathabatha intlanganiso. Kamva, ngexesha lomnquli wenkolo eYaroslavl, lo mfanekiso wabonisa imimangaliso yokuphilisa.

I-Gury Nikitin yayidla ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukubuyisela imifanekiso yamandulo kunye nepeyinti. Wayekhathalela ifa lemveli kunye nelifa, ngoko ke wagcina iimpawu zobungqina bemisebenzi yabaphambili bakhe, njengamanani amakhulu kunye nokuthintela ukunyakaza. Ngenxa yokuba ezinye zeebrashi zomsebenzi weebrashi zazingaziwa.

Abagxeki bezobugcisa bacinga igama likaGuriy Nikitin ukuba lube luhlu lwabapangi bezithombe ezinkulu baseRashiya. Ngaphandle kweTheophanes isiGrike, uAndrei Rublev noSimon Ushakov, wenza impembelelo enkulu kwi-iconography yaseRashiya kwaye wayifumana ngokufanelekileyo indawo ehloniphekileyo phakathi kweenkosi zakhe.

Namhlanje

Uninzi lwazo lweGuria Nikitin luye lwasinda nanamhla. Iyona ndlela inkulu kakhulu kwaye iphawulekayo kwilizwe lakulo mculi eKostroma. Ngoko, ngoku e-Troitsk ne-Ipatievsky cathedrals unokufumana uhambo kwaye uqhelane nezikhumbuzo ezikhethiweyo zezakhiwo zaseRussia kunye nepeyinti. Indawo ephakathi, ngokuqinisekileyo, inikwe ukuhlaziywa kweefrescoes zikaGuria Nikitin.