Ulwazi Genetic: izakhi sofuzo kwaye ephezulu

Yintoni isakhi?

Gene - ulandelelwano esichaziweyo nucleotides dezoksiribonuklinovoy acid apho ekhowudiweyo yemfuza ulwazi (iinkcukacha ngokuphathelele kubume ephambili protini iimolekyuli). DNA - kabini balahleke. Ngalinye amatyathanga unalo ulandelelwano nucleotide ethile. Primary Isakhiwo kwiproteni, nguwuphi na inani nolandelelwano asidi acid, kudlala indima egwebayo zobuntu njengelifa. Uku encoder ulwazi ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ufunda rhoqo, isakhi kufuneka sokuthwasa codon, ukupheliswa codon kwaye ibone codons encoder ngqo ukulandelana acid acid oyifunayo. Codons zenza nucleotides ezintathu ezilandelelanayo ukuba encoder ethile acid acid. Codons UAA, UAG, UGA baninzi abaphetheyo kodwa musa ikhowudi nayiphi na acid ekhoyo, xa ufunda inkqubo phindana uvinjwa. Le codons eseleyo (in inani pieces 61) encoder acid.

Bekela bucala zofuzo lubalaseleyo kunye sofuzo. gene lwiimi - ukulandelelana nucleotides ebonelela kubonisa inkalo ethile (kungakhathaliseki ukuba uhlobo genes na kwisibini efanayo (wayebhekisela sofuzo okanye lubalaseleyo)). Sofuzo yi ulandelelwano nucleotide, apho ukubonakaliswa msebenzi phenotype kunokwenzeka kuphela xa kukho ngeembadada sofuzo efanayo sofuzo.

Ezo nkcukacha ziya kuphela data yemfuza enokusasazwa kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Noko ke, kuphela indibanisela yokwahluka gene kuxhomekeke ukubonakaliswa phawu. Ukuba Isibini sofuzo kwaye sinamandla, izakuvela impahla phenotypically encoded lubalaseleyo. Kwaye abonakalise ulwazi lwabo kuphela Kwimeko yokudityaniswa zofuzo ezimbini sofuzo. Oko kukuthi, i-gene lubalaseleyo ofihla sofuzo.

Apho kukho yemfuza?

Ulwazi ukuba athwale izakhi zivela ookhokho bethu. Ezi ziquka bazali nje kuphela kodwa nootatomkhulu kunye nezinye izihlobo negazi. Individual gene set luqokelelane ezo sperm kunye iqanda, okanye mandithi - xa ukuhlanganisa X kunye Y zofuzo okanye ezimbini X zofuzo. Ukusuka uyise kungaba ulwazi zombini X kunye Y chromosome, ngoxa ngunina - kuphela X chromosome.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba X chromosome iqulethe inkcazelo engakumbi ukuze abafazi ukumelana nezifo yendalo eyahlukileyo besilisa. Ngethiyori, inani lamakhwenkwe kubelekwa kunye namantombazana kufuneka alingane, kodwa kusenziwa, amakhwenkwe bazalwa. Ngenxa yoko, ngenxa yezi zibakala mabini, kukho balancing ye kwezini ezimbini. ukuchuma Higher yabantu oyindoda ihlawulelwa ukumelana ephezulu kwiimpembelelo ezahlukeneyo, uphawu yabafazi.

engineering genetic

Okwangoku sasiqhuba izifundo ngokubanzi ye-genetic material. Iindlela amakheswa, kunye ezinezakhi ngamnye zofuzo hybridization. Oku - eyona nto ibalulekileyo ekudaleni elizayo. ingqalelo loo lo mba kuye kwavusa ezininzi zentelekelelo kunye nokulindelweyo. Emva isifundo iinkcukacha ukuze sikwazi uluntu ukucwangcisa iimpawu kunye neempawu kwisizukulwana esilandelayo, ukunqanda izifo ezininzi kwaye ukukhula amalungu kunye neenkqubo zabo abohlukeneyo.