Ukuziva - leyo bengqondo? Sensation kunye bezibona psychology

ubomi babantu izele amava ezahlukeneyo, ujikeleze lonke iinkqubo woluvo le. Isenzeko elula zonke iinkqubo yengqondo - a ukuzwa. Ayikho into lemvelo kuthi, xa sibona, yivani, va ukuchukumisa bezinto.

Ingcamango koluvo ngo kwengqondo

Kutheni kanye sihloko: "Sensation"? Psychology le meko sele kufundwa ukulungiselela ixesha elide, ukuzama ukunika inkcazelo ngqo ngakumbi. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iingcali zisazama ukuqonda ubunzulu ihlabathi ephakathi kunye zomzimba womntu. Ukuziva - oko kwingcingane jikelele inkqubo ukubonisa iimpawu ezithile kunye neempawu zezinto kunye izenzakalo leyinene ngokwemiqathango yempembelelo ngqo kwi izivamvo. Ukukwazi ukufumana amava uphawu eziphilayo, apho kukho inkqubo luvo. Yaye ngenxa ingqiqo abazi izidalwa eziphilayo kufuneka ube ingqondo.

Inqanaba lokuqala phambi isenzeko enjalo inkqubo engqondweni luphawulwa ucaphuka elula, ngenxa leyo emane ngemisebenzi ukuba nempembelelo ebalulekileyo yokusingqongileyo zangaphandle okanye zangaphakathi. Reaction ngokulandelana sikhatshwe utshintsho ngurhulumente kunye nokuziphatha kwe esiphilayo, yintoni arhola ingqalelo psychology jikelele.

Ukuziva - oku ke psychology of ikhonkco yokuqala kulwazi yehlabathi nomphandle wocango. Kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo le meko, kungakhathaliseki nokushukunyiswa ukuba bazivelise okanye bazenze. Ezi izinto okanye iziganeko ezi nakunxibelelwano iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-eneji kunye, ngoko ke, ukwenza Feel ezahlukeneyo esemgangathweni: emanyelwayo, dermal, ezibonwayo. Xa bengqondo, nayo ndingento ezinxulumene nenkqubo musculoskeletal kunye nezibilini. izenzakalo ezinjalo esingaqondwayo mntu. Ezi ngaphandle nje ke ubuhlungu abavela nezibilini. Bona musa ukufikelela kwindawo osezingqondweni, kodwa ndakala luvo. Kwakhona, umntu ufumana iimvakalelo athe anxulunyaniswa izinto ezifana kwexesha, ukukhawulezisa, ukungcangcazela, kunye neminye imiba ebalulekileyo.

Inkuthazo ukuze analyzers zethu amaza ezingeli uluhlu ethile.

njengokungathi uphawu

Laws koluvo kwengqondo zinika inkcazelo ngeentlobo zazo ezahlukeneyo. Ulwahlulo lokuqala iphathelene kwelinye ithuba yamandulo. Oku kusekelwe analyzers ezibonakalisa iintlobo ezifana ivumba, incasa, ngaphandle kwebala, ukubona nokuva.

Enye Ulwahlulo koluvo wezengqondo thaca B. G. Ananevym (khetha iintlobo 11). Kukho kwakhona typology yenkqubo mbhali IsiNgesi komzimba Sherrington. Oku kuquka interoceptive, proprioceptive kunye neendidi exteroceptive of ukushukumisa. Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha.

uhlobo Interoceptive koluvo: Inkcazo

Olu hlobo koluvo unika imiyalezo evela kokusingqongileyo lwangaphakathi, emazikweni eyahlukahlukeneyo neenkqubo luphawulwa ezithile iparameters. Ezenza ukufumana imiyalezo evela kwinkqubo yokwetyisa (ngokusebenzisa esiswini kunye nodonga wamathumbu), inkqubo sentliziyo (iindonga sentliziyo isitya igazi) ukusuka inyama kwezihlunu kunye nezinye iinkqubo. izakhiwo luvo Loo maKristu abizwa - receptors yokusingqongileyo lwangaphakathi.

Ezi mvakalelo ilungu kwiqela kakhulu amandulo kwakudala. Bona luphawulwa zingqondweni, ehlasela kufutshane kakhulu kurhulumente ngokweemvakalelo. Elinye igama le nkqubo yengqondo - organic.

Chwetheza njengokungathi proprioceptive: Inkcazelo

Ulwazi malunga nemeko umzimba wethu, osinika umntu kuyabuya proprioceptive. Xa bengqondo, ukuchonga iintlobo zeHPV zingonobangela eziliqela hlobo, ezizezi imvakalelo static (lizama) kunye kinesthetic (intshukumo). Imisipha namalungu (imisipha kunye nemisipha) - kukho indawo zalapha ekhaya kwabo receptor. Igama iindawo ezibuthathaka ezinjalo umdla - ithole Pachchini. Ukuba sithethe malunga receptors peripheral njengokungathi proprioceptive, ukuba abekiwe kwi tubules sendlebe engaphakathi.

Ingcamango koluvo ngo kwengqondo psychophysiology bafunda kakuhle. Oku kwenziwa A. A. Orbeli, P. K. Anohin, N. A. Bernshteyn.

Exteroceptive uhlobo ukushukumisa: Inkcazelo

Ezi njengokungathi zabantu ukunxibelelana nehlabathi ngaphandle, ndeyele umfowunelwa (selungu lokuva kunye incasa) kunye nokude (ezikhalayo, ukuqgiba kunye njengokungathi ebonwayo bengqondo).

imvakalelo ukuqgiba e bengqondo na izazinzulu impikiswano, kuba andazi apho kanye bawubeke. nendaba nekhupha ivumba, lo mgama, kodwa iimolekyuli isongo zihlanganiswe kunye nezamkeli ngeempumlo. Okanye ukuba injongosenzi ayisekho langoku, Nevumba nangoku emoyeni. Kwakhona njengokungathi ukuqgiba kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukusetyenziswa kokutya kunye nomgangatho imveliso.

njengokungathi ezohlukeneyo: Inkcazelo

Njengoko kwimeko ivumba, kukho nezinye iimvakalelo ukuba kunzima lokuhlela. Umzekelo, oku ubuzaza ukungcangcazela. Oku kuquka esiyicingayo eziviwayo le analyzer, kwakunye nasesikhumbeni kunye nenkqubo musculoskeletal. Ngokutsho LE Komendantova, ukungcangcazela uvakalelo luhlobo okuqonda yesandi. Yangqineka ukubaluleka kwayo mkhulu ubomi babantu ongezwa okanye akukho nevoti. Abantu abanjalo babe kumgangatho ophezulu ephathekayo-vibratory phenomenology kwaye ukuchonga ilori ihamba okanye omnye umatshini, nangona kuluhlu elide.

Okunye ukuhlelwa ukushukumisa

Kwakhona ukuba kufundwa yokuhlela koluvo wezengqondo M. Heda, ngubani ukungqinisiseka indlela ngezemvelo uvakalelo kwelo candelo. Kuchongwe ezimbini ngohlobo lwayo - protopathic (imvakalelo eziphilayo - unxano, indlala, ibizezamandulo kunye nokomzimba) kunye epicritic (oku kuquka zonke ezaziwayo iminqweno zesayensi).

Kwakhona iphuhlise ukuhlelwa iminqweno B. M. Teplov, aqaqambisa iintlobo ezimbini receptors - interoreceptors kunye exteroreceptors.

iimpawu uphawu mizwa

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba imvakalelo efanayo kutshintshwe oku kunokuba yahluke ngokupheleleyo kuso omnye komnye. Iimpawu yenkqubo cognitive ziimpawu zayo ngamnye: umgangatho, ubunzulu, kwasendaweni lwendawo, ubude, nezinyuko kuyabuya. Xa bengqondo, la ezichazwe zizazinzulu, physiologists, aba nayiqalayo abaqala ukufunda le ngxaki.

Umgangatho kunye nokuqina koluvo

Enyanisweni, zonke izalathisi Eyona nto lungohlulwa lube iindidi kunye nemigangatho. imvakalelo Umgangatho igqiba iiyantlukwano zalo kwezinye iintlobo lo mba kwaye ulwazi esisiseko kwi ekukhuthazeni. Akwenzeki ukuba umlinganiselo umgangatho usebenzisa naziphi na izixhobo amanani. Xa sithatha yakhawuleza ebonwayo bengqondo, umgangatho wayo umbala. Kuba incasa kunye nevumba ubuntununtunu - ingqikelelo esimnandi, ezimuncu, kukrakra, ezinetyuwa, nedini njalo njalo.

Ubuninzi abalinganiswa of iminqweno - ngayo amandla akhe. Lo mhlaba ke kubalulekile ukuba umntu, kuba kubalulekile ukuba sikwazi ukubona umculo phezulu okanye ethambileyo, nokukhanya okanye mnyama gumbi. Umfutho anamava ngokwahlukileyo ngokuxhomekeke imiba efana: isivuseleli amandla obambeleyo (physical parameters), kunye sokusebenza le receptor leyo lubekwa. Izalathi ngaphezulu ubunjalo bomzimba isivuseleli, kokukhona ubunzulu kuyabuya.

Ubude kunye kuyabuya ukuthengwa komhlaba

Olunye uphawu ebalulekileyo ingqalelo ixesha leyo ibonisa ixesha izikhombisi ukushukumisa. Lo mhlaba kuxhomekeke kwakhona isenzo yeemeko njengenjongo luluvo. Ukuba nesimo isebenziseka ixesha elide, kunye nemvakalelo uya kuyoluka. Le yinto njongo. Luluvo na imeko esebenzayo i analyzer.

Nokushukunyiswa ezisicaphukisayo le izivamvo wendawo yabo esithubeni. Njengokungathi afumane into ethile idlala indima ebalulekileyo kubomi babantu.

Imibundu leyo yeminyango, kuyabuya ku psychology: kukuzibophelela nesihlobo

Phantsi zisembundwini ingundoqo uyaluqonda physical parameters ze isivuseleli kwimali ubuncinane ezibangela kuyabuya. Kukho ezintweni ukuba eziphantsi kunongeno elililo, yaye kubangele ubuzaza. Kodwa ke umzimba womntu nangoku abachatshazelwa yi kwimithetho ukushukumisa. Xa bengqondo Umphandi G. V. Gershuni thaca iziphumo zabakubonileyo apho kwafunyaniswa ukuba zizinto isandi, ezibe ngaphantsi kunongeno elililo, ebangela umsebenzi kwengqondo ezithile zombane kunye nokwanda umfundi. Le ndawo yi subsensornuyu indawo.

Kukwakho Ungeno eliphezulu ingundoqo - umlinganiselo isivuseleli ukuba ezingenako waqonda ngokwaneleyo izivamvo. mava kubangela intlungu, kodwa akusoloko (ultrasound).

Ezinye iimpawu, kukho kwakhona nemithetho iminqweno: synesthesia, zegazi, ukuziqhelanisa, intsebenziswano.

Iimpawu okuqonda

Sensation kunye bezibona psychology ezi eziziiprayimari iinkqubo cognitive ngokunxulumene kwinkumbulo kunye nokucinga. Inkcazelo emfutshane isenzeko nomqondo thina, yaye ngoku le mbono. Le nkqubo yengqondo yoboniso ebanzi yezinto kunye izenzakalo leyinene lwabo contact ngqo kunye nabasemagunyeni nangokuvulelekileyo. Sensation kunye bezibona bengqondo efunda zomzimba psychology L. A. Venger, AV Zaporozhets, V. P. Zinchenko, TS Komarova kunye nezinye izazinzulu. Inkqubo yokuqokelela iinkcukacha inika orientation ngamnye kwihlabathi elingaphandle.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba imbono iimpawu kuphela izilwanyana yoluntu ephezulu, ezinako ukukulumkisela ukwakha imifanekiso. Le yinkqubo ye objectification. Ukuhanjiswa ulwazi uthinte malunga iimpawu zezinto - umsebenzi ukuzwa. Kwingcingane labona Ukuqulunqwa ekwanti lomfanekiso, wafumana ngokusekelwe ulwazi oluqokelelweyo malunga injongosenzi kunye neempawu zayo. Lo mfanekiso afunyenwe intsebenziswano lweenkqubo woluvo ezininzi.

iintlobo okuqonda

Ngokweembono kukho amaqela ezintathu. Ulwahlulo ziqhelekileyo:

iipropati umbono

S. L. Rubinshteyn wathi ebantwini imbono ziye ngokubanzi zemiyalelo.

Ngoko ke, lo msebenzi osemqoka yokuqala yale nkqubo ngazo ngokweenkcukacha. Okubonakalayo akunakwenzeka ngaphandle izinto, ngenxa yokuba abo ezithile umbala, imilo, ubukhulu kunye nenjongo. Violin kanjani nje isixhobo somculo, kunye ipleyiti - ezifana zokutya.

Ipropati yesibini - ingqibelelo. imvakalelo Ichazwe ubuchopho eziqalelo mbandela iimpawu zayo ezithile, kunye kwimbono ezi mpawu ngamanye zokuphuhlisa indlela epheleleyo. Ekonsathini, iokhestra siya umamele umculo ngokupheleleyo, kunokuba kwizandi isixhobo nganye yomculo yedwa (ivayolin, bass, cello).

Ipropati sesithathu - rhoqo. It ephawula rhoqo isalamane iimilo, abangasekhoyo kunye nemilinganiselo ukuba akukhathalwa. Ngokomzekelo, sibona ikati, njenge isilwanyana ethile, nokuba kunjalo emnyameni okanye kwigumbi ekukhanyeni.

Ipropati wesine - nentetho equkayo. Kuyinto yobuntu ngokwamacandelo izinto ize ilabele ukuba kwiklasi ethile, kuxhomekeke iimpawu ezifumanekayo.

Ipropati sesihlanu - meaningfulness. Ukuqonda izinto sikuqonda nabo amava ethu kunye nolwazi. Nokuba kumxholo wolunye uhlanga, ingqondo yomntu uzama usithelekise sele yezinto eziqhelekileyo nokuchonga iimpawu ezifanayo.

iimpawu emithandathu - selectivity. Okokuqala zonke izinto baqonda ukuba ndinodibaniso ngamava akhe okanye izinto ezenziwa ngabantu. Umzekelo, ukubukela intsebenzo, kumdlali kunye owasemzini ngokwahlukileyo uya kubona ukuba kwenzeka ntoni eqongeni.

inkqubo nganye kungenzeka zombini eqhelekileyo zokugula. Umbono ongeva cinga hypersensitivity (hypersensitivity kwizinto ezifanayo kwezendalo), hypoesthesia (ukuncipha uvakalelo), Agnosia (waphula ingqalelo izinto kwimo ukwazi ecacile ukuhla okuncinane kwi Uvakalelo lulonke kunye), ukuba nemibono (imbono bezinto ongekhoyo ngokwenyani). Babebona obubonakala phantsi imbono ephosakeleyo izinto ezikhoyo ngokwenyani.

Ekugqibeleni ndifuna ukuthi psyche yabantu - device kunokuba entsonkothileyo, kunye neenkqubo zonyango eyahlukileyo ezifana koluvo, imbono, inkumbulo kunye nokucinga - ngumntu, kuba eneneni onke la lwenzeke ngokunxuseneyo okanye series.