Ukukhanya - yintoni na le nto? imfundo Russian. imfundo zomthetho

Kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, eyaqala yaye ngokuthe ngcembe shwaka imiyalelo ezahlukeneyo bulumko. Ezinye zazo ziyahambelana ngomoya indleko yexesha lakhe, ezinye zakhe phambili ngeendlela ezininzi. Omnye wabo igcinwe kwaye nkqu isixhobo karhulumente, kwaye eyesibini waba esalelweyo. Kukho iimeko ezininzi xa iinkcuba abadumileyo baqalisa intshutshiso, iincwadi zabo wazitshisa esidlangalaleni esibondeni njengoko lunyeliso. Enye yezinto ezininzi ezinamandla iintshukumo abaneminyaka 17-18 waba yiEnlightenment. Okuvela e England, kuyo yagcwala yonke eYurophu.

Iimpawu eziphambili yiEnlightenment

Imfundo - indlela ukulwa okwangoku ngabameli oohlohlesakhe kunye nenkqubo nenkcubeko nezopolitiko karhulumente. amacandelo Revolutionary-nye yoluntu eyayingabachasi wangumququzeleli kwenkqubo ekhoyo feudal-absolutist. Unako kwakhona ukunika enye ingqiqo. Ukukhanya - le ulwalathiso ingcinga yenkcubeko bulumko, ezinxulumene ne nokumanywa yonxulumano nkulu. Linyathelo ubhalo kuphuhliso naliphi na ilizwe, ukuziqengqa ukusuka endala iziseko entsha ngokupheleleyo, industrialisticheskim. Ezona mpawu ziphambili zale yiEnlightenment zezi:

• idemokhrasi, nto leyo iphucula imfundo onke amacandelo oluntu;
• rationalism, ngokubonelela ukholo nzulu amathuba obungasikelwanga mda ingqondo yomntu. Eyona ekukhuthazeni engundoqo ezi zimvo yaba Kant;
• imfundo ngokusemthethweni. Yayithetha nokusasazwa kolwazi malunga namalungelo kwenye kwaye nenkululeko yabantu bonke.

Ukukhanya eYurophu

Ixesha xa kwindawo yokuqala beza luqiqo kunye ingcinga ezamahala, wayengomnye isitshixo ekubunjweni yempucuko mihla. Imfundo - a okunentsingiselo evelileyo phantsi kwempembelelo revolution yezenzululwazi eNgilani. ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, iimbono ezintsha saa kulo lonke elaseYurophu, bangene France, yaye kamva eRashiya. Ngoko ke, i IsiNgesi yiEnlightenment waye eliphuma intshukumo enamandla, ngeendlela ezininzi batshintsha kwimbonakalo zabantu. Wayenempembelelo inkoliso abameli yiEnlightenment eFransi. Eli lizwe lidume kakhulu zobulumko yayo ebalaseleyo owadala azibhala voluminous. Phantsi impembelelo imigaqo esisiseko ye yiEnlightenment yabhalwa Declaration of Independence eUnited States, kwakunye Declaration French kwamaLungelo woMntu kwaye i-Citizen .

intshukumo Incipient ayikwazanga kodwa kuchaphazela kwesimilo kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo kubomi. I-US ISebe leMfundo liye ukumqumbisa kokuyekiswa kobukhoboka kunye namazwe bobukoloniyali bafumane inkululeko. Ukongeza, igunya gaga kakhulu yabantu basebukhosini, kwakunye ukunciphisa impembelelo yeCawa ubomi lwentlalo. Ngaphambili ke phantse ngokupheleleyo.

Sona kanye inkcubeko ayizange ukumela omnye kwisikolo esithile-bulumko. Amaxesha amaninzi, izimvo iinkcuba ezahlukeneyo kunye nabalandeli babo eyahlukileyo kakhulu kwaye ngokuphikisana. Simanywe ukugxekwa kwabo amaxabiso zemveli ezikhoyo, iimbono yokuziphatha, inentsulungeko kwaye nezopolitiko.

Ngokumalunga ixesha nemida yiEnlightenment, ababhali-mbali akakwazi ukuza uluvo olunye. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba intshukumo yavela ngenkulungwane ye-19, lo gama abanye bakholelwa ukuba phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-18. Isiphelo sale xesha lidla sizibandakanya nokufa ka uVoltaire, kwakunye ekuqaleni iimfazwe Napoleonic. Kukho olunye uluvo: i apogee ye yiEnlightenment waba i Revolution Elizukileyo eNgilani kunye French Revolution.

Imfundo kwi Petrine ngexesha

Le kweyeshumi elinesibhozo wehla embalini njengexesha lezinto Russian ngokungaqhelekanga, ochaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi. Ndabona ukunyuka yenzululwazi kunye nemfundo. secularization Yenzekile izakhiwo zecawa, kwasekwa ubudlelane yenkcubeko kunye nezinye iintlanga, ukuze soyise yodwa kuzwelonke. iimyuziyam Okokuqala wabonakala, ibandla, iimpapasho rhoqo, izikolo esemthethweni yehlabathi.

Imfundo Russian - lilinge ngandlela zonke ukuba bakope indlela yaseYurophu yobomi. Abarhwebi, abefundisi achaseneyo ezintsha kunye kabuhlungu waya basebukhosini.

Ukukhanya ngenkulungwane ye-18

A lot of ingqalelo imfundo, inkcubeko kunye nezobugcisa yanikwa ngemihla wokulawula uCatherine II. UKumkanikazi uthenge ukuqokelelwa kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo, kwaziswa nosaziwayo, kuquka owayevele kwamanye amazwe. Umzekelo uCatherine II elandelweyo cishe. Ayekholelwa ngo nempahla zabo kwimiboniso, bangene entle zivula.

ingqalelo kakhulu yahlawulwa kweli xesha yeCadet School, amaziko kunye nezikolo. Sinokholo eziphambili uKumkanikazi zibandakanya ekudalweni nelemfundo olusingisele kwinkqubo apho kwakungekho ukwahlukana kwiiklasi. Ezi ngaphandle nje ke ngamakhoboka.

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala phambi lamagosa yaphakamisa umbuzo kuphuhliso lwemfundo ngokubanzi, hayi nje zobugcisa nezendalo.

umthetho imfundo Russian

Imibuzo enxulumene ukufunda nokufundisa engundoqo komthetho zavela eRashiya ngenkulungwane ye-17 emva kwexesha. Bona zibangelwa absolutism okuthe bakhanyiselwa kunye nokudalwa inkqubo yemfundo emanyeneyo. Emva ngo-1682 ukumkani Theodore A. bayakhuthazwa ngamandla ukufunda imbali yokomoya zomthetho. Kodwa la manyathelo ukuba ziye zaguqulelwa ebomini. Inqanaba ulwazi lwezomthetho ahlala ephantsi kakhulu kweli lizwe.

Ootitshala yokuqala lokwenene Russia ingabizwa Peter I kunye uCatherine II. It is imizamo yabo ngumba zokuqala ziye ukulungiselela ukuyilwa kwenkqubo yezomthetho mihla kwilizwe lethu. Peter I wayalela ukusekwa ukubhala imimiselo wabiza umsebenzi wokuqala eRashiya ukuba ubhale Code entsha kwaye inguqulelo Russian of azibhala zomthetho amazwe. UCatherine II baqhubeka nemisebenzi kuneyokuqala. Yena libandakanyeka ngokubonakalayo umsebenzi bewenza amanqugwala, iingcali zefilosofi kunye nabezopolitiko.

Ke ngexesha lokulawula mbali Peter mna kuthiwa ekuqaleni ubukho wemfundo yezomthetho kwakhokelela kwimfundo yomthetho. iinkcuba abaninzi amazwe aseYurophu waya eRashiya ukubona wazibonela ezintsha entsimini yomthetho. Adam Smith, omnye wabaseki kwiindawo ezifana nemfundo IsiNgesi, yahlaselwa nesantya ibonwe kuphuhliso lomthetho phantsi kweliso Peter I. Kwixesha elizayo, le ndawo sele inikwe ingqalelo ngakumbi nangakumbi.

Intsingiselo yembali yiEnlightenment

Yonke indawo yentanda uba esibaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso yempucuko. Imfundo sichaphazele zonke iinkalo zobomi ekuhlaleni yokomoya Europe, i-US naseRashiya. Yaba nombulelo lowo kwabakho ukwahlukana of zezwe ukusuka ibandla, bonke abantu ithuba lokuba bafunde, bawaphule imida ezikwisigaba sesizwe.