Ukufundisa inkqubo yemfundo ngokubanzi: Iinjongo kunye neenjongo

inkqubo yemfundo yayisetyenziselwa yi isakhiwo ehlanganisiweyo equka iinjongo ezithile, imigaqo zombutho, iindlela kunye iintlobo zoqeqesho.

uhlobo

abaphandi Modern bahlule iinkqubo ezintathu ezingundoqo yayisetyenziselwa ukuba babe umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwabo:

• Didactics Herbart.
• inkqubo Dewey.
• umqondo ogqibeleleyo.

Masizame ukuchonga iimpawu ngamnye kubo, ukufumana iimpawu ezifanayo kunye eyahlukileyo.

didactics Herbart

sobulumko German Gerbart I. F. lacazulula kwaye kungabekwa iklasi-isifundo ifom utitshala Polish Yana Kamenskogo. Herbart livelise inkqubo yaso iindlela zokufundisa yayisetyenziselwa, esekelwe ngensimbi impumelelo yeengcingane bengqondo kunye zokuziphatha engamakhulu 18-19. Isiphelo ngenxa inkqubo yemfundo nemfundo yobutitshala German yonke ingqalelo umoya ngamandla indoda ekwaziyo ukumelana nayo nayiphi na imbandezelo. Injongo otshatsheleyo inkqubo yayisetyenziselwa yachongwa ekubunjweni iimpawu yokuziphatha kwalo mntu.

iingcamango yeNqobo kwemfundo Herbart

Phakathi izimvo eziphambili ukuba isindululo ukusebenzisa kwinkqubo yemfundo, ume out:

• abazifunayo endle siphelele umntwana, ulwalathiso search yokukhula yokuziphatha.
• UGoodwill, nto leyo eya kuqinisekisa ukusebenzisana phakathi intando yawo izilangazelelo zabanye.
• Ubulungisa ukuba imbuyekezo zonke aweve ukumelana nentlungu.
• inkululeko kwangaphakathi, eyenza kube lula ukuba lifane ngeenkolelo kunye neminqweno yomntu.

Utitshala wezengqondo Ethics yaye umlinganiswa nobuntu. Iindlela zakhe yayisetyenziselwa zisekelwe kwi-bulumko idealist waseJamani. Phakathi eziphambili iparameters gerbartovskoy didactics kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukukhathalela yesikolo ukuyilwa kushicilelo abantwana. Ngokuphathelele kwimfundo ngamnye, ngoko le ndima abayabelwe usapho Herbart. Kuba ukuyilwa enamandla, ngokuziphatha, isimilo abafundi, kucetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe ingqeqesho engqongqo. Ukusuka umbono wakhe ootitshala, kwafuneka ukuba babe imizekelo ngokwenene ukunyaniseka ingqibelelo abafundi babo.

Ezi nkcukacha didactics Herbart

Umsebenzi wokuphatha kwinkokheli zesikolo kukuqinisekisa ingqesho esisigxina abafundi, ukulungiselela uqeqesho lwabo, ekuqhubeni esweni okokoko uphuhliso nokusebenza kunye, abafundi accustom uku-odola nengqeqesho. Esikolweni wayengekho sisiphithiphithi, Herbart ecetywayo ukwazisa imiqathango ethile entsonkothileyo. Kwimeko yanyhashwa imithetho eyamkelekileyo, wada wavumela ukusetyenziswa isohlwayo sokubetha. Wanikela kubo iindidi ngezifundo ezifundwe kule nkqubo yayisetyenziselwa kuthetha ukusetyenziswa lobuninzi lemisebenzi esebenzayo. utitshala German ingqalelo ekhethekileyo Yindibanisela intando, iimvakalelo, ulwazi, ingqeqesho nocwangco.

Meaning amagama yayisetyenziselwa

Yaba nguye lowo kuqala ecetywayo uqeqesho abahlukene nemfundo, ingqalelo ezimbini ootitshala kwekota kuphela kumanqaku ewonke afunyenwe ngumviwa. Igalelo ephambili kwinkqubo yakhe uqeqesho yayisetyenziselwa kube nokwabiwa eziliqela amanqanaba emfundo. Wacela ulungiselelo ngawo indlela ecace ngayo lombutho wegqitha, ngoko le nkqubo, aze emva koko iindlela. inkqubo zemfundo, wakha phezu ngokusekelwe zimvo, nto leyo kwafuneka ngcembe ukuya izakhono theoretical component. Kwi izakhono ezisebenzisekayo ekwahluleni oluphuhliswe Herbart, ngaphandle umbuzo. Wayekholelwa ukuba kubalulekile ukunika umfundi ulwazi yeengcingane, kodwa nokuba uya okanye uya kusebenzisa kubomi bemihla ngemihla, akunamsebenzi ukuba isikolo.

abalandeli Herbart

Abafundi kunye nabalandeli katitshala yaseJamani waqala T. Ziller, rein B., F. Dörpfeld. Bakwazi ukuphuhlisa kunye nokuphuculwa iingcinga njengomfundisi wakhe, wazama ukuba asuse inkqubo yawo icala yayisetyenziselwa kunye unilateralism. Sifunde izigaba ezintlanu uqeqesho yaqaliswa, yaye abelwe umxholo nganye, iinjongo eziphambili, iindlela olucetywayo ekufezekiseni iinjongo. Xa iskim unit layo izinto ezintsha, uququzelelo kolwazi kunye nokwazi ukuba abafundi banikwa ngaphambili, kwakunye kuyondelelaniswe kunye nokuvavanywa izakhono abazifumene.

Ukuthelekiswa concepts eziliqela yayisetyenziselwa

Ootitshala akufuneki ukuba ngocoselelo ukuthobela onke amanyathelo ngokusesikweni zoqeqesho, baye banikwa ilungelo ukuphuhlisa iindlela lokuphuhlisa yokucinga zabantwana, bafumana imfundo epheleleyo. Iinkqubo ezinjalo Inkqubo yokufunda yayisetyenziselwa yayikhona kuze phakathi kwenkulungwane yokugqibela eYurophu. iisayikholojisti Modern Siqinisekile ukuba ingqikelelo ye nefuthe elibi umsebenzi ezikolweni. Kangangethuba elide yonke inkqubo yayisetyenziselwa swi ukutshintshwa ootitshala abafundi ngolwazi lilungile. Akukho apho ukuyilwa kweemeko for self-lokuphumeza, wabonakala uyilo, ngaphandle umbuzo. Umfundi kwafuneka ukuba athule eklasini, phulaphula ngenyameko kumfundisi wakhe, ngokuchanekileyo ngokukhawuleza lenze yonke imiyalelo yakhe kunye neengcebiso. Le passivity abafundi kwakhokelela ekubeni abanayo umnqweno bafumane ulwazi, kukho inani elikhulu labafundi zazingathandanga ukuba bafumane ulwazi, ukuphoswa esikolweni, wandithuthuzela amanqaku ayanelisi. Kwakungekho ootitshala kunye namathuba ukukhangelwa kunye nophuhliso lwabafundi abanetalente kwaye unesiphiwo. Inkqubo avareji Kucingelwa kwaye tracking impumelelo ngamnye zomfundi ngamnye. Qaphela ukuba ngaphandle didactics Herbart, kuza kubakho utshintsho entle kwinkqubo yezemfundo, apho kwenzeka ekupheleni kwenkulungwane idlulileyo, kwaye asathe namhlanje.

Didactics Dzhona Dyui

Utitshala yaseMelika wengqondo Dzhon Dyui yaqulunqa umahluko phakathi imodeli ngegqudu ootitshala Herbart. imisebenzi yakhe waba counterweight wokwenene iingqiqo yemfundo ekhoyo. ntsapho waseMerika wathi inkqubo nemfundiso ekhoyo phambi kwakhe, kwakhokelela kuphela imfundo befunda besikolo. Ngenxa yokuba kugxininiswa engundoqo yabekwa idlulise ulwazi yeengcingane, kwakukho umsantsa omkhulu phakathi leyinene. Abafundi "wafaka" ulwazi ayikwazanga ukusebenzisa ulwazi lwabo kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukongeza, abantwana bafumana 'ulwazi esele zenziwe ", akuyomfuneko ukuba benze imigudu ukuze uphendle ngokuzimeleyo ulwazi oluthile. Ayizange ukuya kwinkqubo yemfundo isiJamani intetho kwiimfuno ababhalisiweyo kunye neemfuno zabantwana, iimfuno zoluntu, uphuhliso sobuntu. Dewey, amalinge yakhe yokuqala baqalisa esikolweni eChicago ngo-1895. Wadala ifayile ikhadi imidlalo yayisetyenziselwa eyenzelwe ukuphucula umsebenzi abantwana. Utitshala uyakwazi ukuphuhlisa ingqiqo elitsha "ingcamango epheleleyo". iimbono Psychological nefilosofi lombhali, umntwana uqala ukucinga xa kukho ezinye iingxaki phambi kwakhe. Ngoko ke inkqubo ye imiqobo weyisayo, umntwana uqala ukucinga. "Isenzo Full 'ucinge Dewey kubandakanya amanyathelo ezithile:

• Ukuvela kobunzima.
• Okuzingela iingxaki.
• Ukusekwa yeengcinga.
• Ukuthwala ukuqinisekiswa logic ye hypothesis ubuze.
• Uhlalutyo iziphumo uhlolisiso nezinto esizibonayo.
• Ukoyisa imiqobo.

Ezi nkcukacha didactics Dewey

Ifayile wadala ngumbhali imidlalo yayisetyenziselwa loo ekujongwe "yokufunda ingxaki-based." Le ndlela kakhulu ngokukhawuleza wafumana nabaxhasi phakathi iisayikholojisti yaseYurophu kunye nootitshala. Ngokubhekisele isicelo kwenkqubo American kwizikolo Soviet, siphawula ukuba umzamo, kodwa yena akazange jize ngempumelelo. Inzala ngendlela didactics onjalo wabonakala eRashiya kuphela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-21. Ukubaluleka kwiingcamango American Dewey amathuba inendlela enomahluko eqhuba ngayo kuzo uqeqesho kunye nemfundo yomfundi ngamnye. Le Isakhiwo isifundo Inqanaba yangoku wokuchaza ingxaki, ekuqulunqweni yeengcinga, le algorithm ukufuna yezenzo, izifundo, ucazululo lweziphumo, ekuqulunqweni izigqibo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa hypothesis elimisiweyo.

Ukuthelekiswa kwenkqubo yemveli nembono Dewey

American waba ngcungela lokwenyaniso inkqubo zokufundisa. Oku kunokuba "ekufundeni ethi" kokunikelwa ukhetho okanye ukufumana esebenzayo ulwazi kunye nezakhono. Le ziza ezimeleyo Umsebenzi nasengqondweni abafundi, utitshala waba umncedisi ukuba abafundi bakhe. Utitshala ukhokela umntwana, kumnceda ukuba ukoyisa iingxaki, ukuze ubeke hypothesis ukwenza izigqibo ngeziphumo ezifunyenweyo. Endaweni kwekharityhulam lakudala wanikela izicwangciso American ngamnye, apho unako ukufumana ulwazi kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo. Ukususela ngalo mzuzu iqala ibali lokufundisa ngokwahlukeneyo yaye ngamnye, iyunithi lweenkqubo kumanqanaba ezisisiseko kunye ezizodwa. ingqalelo Kuninzi kuhlawulwa ingqiqo yayo Dewey yokusebenza, ngenxa esikolweni yakhe uvele ezizimeleyo umsebenzi uphando besikolo.

isiphelo

uyaqhubeka Inkqubo yesikolo zaphuculwa, ezinobunzima, enkosi iinkqubo ezintsha kuphuhliswa kwengqondo kunye nootitshala. Phakathi iingqiqo ezininzi yayisetyenziselwa ukuba sidalwe ukutyhubela iinkulungwane ezimbini ezidlulileyo, kwaye okubaluleke kakhulu inkqubo ezaziwa Herbart, inkqubo ezintsha Dewey. Ngawo ezi zenzo zibonakele kwiindawo eziphambili zemfundo, nto leyo kunokubonwa kwizikolo namhlanje. Ukuhlalutya iintsingiselo ezintsha, siphawula ukufunda 'ngokusebenzisa lokuvula "ocetywayo ngutitshala American Jerome Bruner. Le nto kuboniswa yethu iimfuno ukuya abaphumelele kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi i GEF. Abafundi kufuneka bafunde imithetho esisiseko ngezimanga zendalo, ingakumbi ubomi bentlalo, ukuchitha olwabo uphando, abathatha inxaxheba kwiiprojekthi ngamnye kunye noninzi.

Abenzi bemeko- isizukulwana esitsha yesibini kwemigangatho karhulumente esetyenziswa ngayo umsebenzi wabo, iingqiqo zemfundo eziliqela, ngokukhetha ilungileyo le ngcamango. Eyona nto ibaluleke ngokukodwa inkqubo yayisetyenziselwa mihla ehlawulwa ukuyilwa umntu iyavisisana ikratshi Lezwe yakhe, uyazi imbeko zonke izithethe zabantu bakhe. Ukuze kugqiba esikolweni liye lakwazi ukuzivumelanisa neemeko mihla ubomi, ebaluleke ngokukodwa unikwa kuphuhliso self. Utitshala asiyo "zwilakhe", uthumela nje abafundi bakhe, kuyanceda ukuhlangabezana neengxaki asakhulayo.