UMthetho zesakhiwo lomgadi kweziyobisi. imithetho Conservation in chemistry

Chemistry fanele ukuba udidi Sciences ngqo, yaye ukongezelela imathematika physics icwangcisa imithetho ubukho kunye nophuhliso yenkqunto equka athom kunye iimolekyuli. Zonke iinkqubo eqhubeka eziphilayo, kwaye phakathi izinto indalo engaphiliyo, livela lo mkhuba ngokuguqulwa ubunzima namandla. UMthetho zesakhiwo rhoqo le nto, nto leyo eya kuthi abambelele kule ukufunda eli nqaku, ubuxoki kwi intliziyo iinkqubo kwihlabathi ezingaphiliyo organic.

imfundiso Atomic-ezinto

Ukuze siqonde imithetho elawula izinto Enyanisweni, kufuneka ukuba ingcamango yintoni lwenziwe. Ngokutsho sisazinzulu enkulu Russian M. V. Lomonosova "emnyameni kufuneka ahlale zemvelo, ingakumbi, ekhemisi, bengazi isakhiwo yangaphakathi amasuntswana." Yaba nguye owathi ngo-1741, ekuqaleni kwakubekwe yaye kamva kuqinisekiswa yi namava, wafumanisa imithetho chemistry, zezona isiseko isifundo wokuphila kunye engaphili, ezizezi: Zonke izinto iqanjwa athom, iimolekyuli ekwaziyo zokubumba. Zonke ezi zibe sihamba rhoqo.

Ukuvulwa kunye imposiso uJ. WayeseDalton

kwiminyaka engama-50 kamva Lomonosov waqalisa ukuba ingcamango sesayensi IsiNgesi uYohane. wayeseDalton. Izazinzulu ndisiphumeze ubalo ibalulekileyo ukumisela amatye atomic na imichiza. Oku waba bubungqina yale kweenkolelo ngeenkolelo: ubunzima kwemolekyuli kunye iziyobisi ngokugqithisileyo ibalwe ukusuka weight atomic amasuntswana kumafa yayo. Njengoko Lomonosov and wayeseDalton wayekholelwa ukuba, kungakhathaliseki indlela yokulungiselela, ukuba iikhompawundi kwemolekyuli kusoloko uya kuba kuqamba engatshintshiyo ubunjani kunye neenkcukacha zamanani. Ekuqaleni, lo ngowona mthetho ulawula yonke rhoqo zesakhiwo lomba laliqulunqwe ngendlela enjalo. Ukuqonda igalelo kakhulu kwinzululwazi wayeseDalton, awukwazi tu impazamo okukruqulayo: bemkhanyela isakhiwo molecule kwezinto ezilula ezifana ioksijini, initrogen, hydrogen. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba molecule uye kuphela nzima amachiza. Ngenxa udumo enkulu kuluntu wayeseDalton lwezenzululwazi, iimfeketho zokufeketha zakhe kakubi nempembelelo uphuhliso zemichiza.

Njengoko athom kulinganiswe kwaye iimolekyuli

Ukufunyanwa onjalo postulate lwekhemikhali, njengoko umthetho rhoqo zesakhiwo komba, uye wenza umbulelo ukuba ingqikelelo kulondolozo kwezinto ubunzima, unreacted ndakubumba emva koko. Ngaphezu koko wayeseDalton mass atom yokulinganisa olwenziwe I. Berzelius ukuchaneka ubunzima atomic itheyibhile imichiza, unikele phambili ukutyunjwa kwazo Latin. Okwangoku ubunzima athom kunye iimolekyuli uzimisele usebenzisa i nanotube carbon. Iziphumo ezifunyenwe kwezi zifundo ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ekhoyo of chemistry. Ngaphambili abaphandi baye basebenzisa isixhobo efana ubunzima spectrometer, kodwa indlela elukhuni ukuba Ndolinganisela ethile spectrometry kakhulu.

Kutheni le nto kubaluleke kangaka umthetho ukulondolozwa mass wenkqu

Ukwakhiwa M. V. Lomonosovym ngasentla postulate yemichiza lungqina into yokuba ngexesha abasabela ngayo athom ziyinxalenye reactants kunye neemveliso musa ngokuyinqaba kwaye kuvela ngaphandle nto. Inani labo igcinwe ngaphandle utshintsho phambi nasemva kwenkqubo imichiza. I-njalo ukususela nobunzima athom, le nto ngokusengqiqweni kukhokelela umthetho ukulondolozwa ubunzima namandla. Ngaphezu koko, lo nzulu ibhengeze lo mthetho, njengoko umgaqo jikelele zemvelo, eqinisekisa interconversion lwamandla kunye rhoqo zesakhiwo lomba.

Ideas J. Proust njenge isiqinisekiso e-worldwork theory atomic-ezinto

Ethetha yokuvulwa postulate enjalo, njengoko umthetho kuqamba rhoqo. Imichiza 18 - ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 - kwezesayensi apho izazinzulu kwakukho iimbambano phakathi oosonzululwazi ezimbini isiFrentshi, J. Proust kunye K. Berthollet. Imvelaphi ubanga ukuba izinto ukwakheka kuyilwa ukusabela imichiza, kuxhomekeke ikakhulu uhlobo wezenzi. Berthollet wayekholelwa ukuba iikhompawundi malunga nokuqulunqwa - yeemveliso abasabela ngayo ochaphazelekayo mali usisizalwane lokunxibelelana izinto. ekhemisi Uninzi kumaphononongo okuqala kuxhase uluvo Proust, ngubani yaqulunqa kubo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ukwakhiwa umchiza oluntsonkothileyo isoloko rhoqo yaye oko kuxhomekeke nengcombolo indlela ebifunyenwe ngalo. Nangona kunjalo, uphando ngakumbi izisombululo ulwelo aqinileyo (aluminium) waqinisekisa wacinga K. Berthollet. Ezi umthetho izinto zesakhiwo rhoqo kwaba ayisebenzi. Ngaphezu koko, ayisebenzi ukuba iikhompawundi kunye ezikrobeni ionic. Ukubunjwa ezi zinto kuxhomekeke iindlela ababa misela.

into nganye umchiza, nokuba indlela yokulungiselela, sisincoko esisigxina qualitative yokuqhubekileyo kunye neenkcukacha zamanani. Le ekuqulunqeni ephawula umthetho rhoqo zesakhiwo ukwimo icetywayo J. Proust ngo-1808. Njengokuba ubungqina CITES emise imizekelo zilandelayo: malachite evela eSiberia unawo ukwakhiwa efanayo njengoko izimbiwa leyo geni Spain; ehlabathini kukho cinnabar omnye kuphela, kwaye akukho xabiso eziphathekayo idipozithi ifunyanwa. Ngaloo ndlela Proust wagxininisa rhoqo zesakhiwo komba, kungakhathaliseki ndawo kunye indlela kwemveliso yawo.

Akukho imithetho ngaphandle nketho

Ukususela umthetho etyhutyha wawucacisa, kulandela ukuba ukuyilwa umchiza ezimbaxa eziqalelo imichiza ezidibene enye kwenye ngawona ezithile ubunzima. Kungekudala isayensi chemical wabonakala ulwazi malunga ubukho izinto ngezithako bume, oko kuxhomekeke indlela zamalungiselelo. Isazinzulu Russian M. Kurnakov ecetywayo eqamba ezi berthollides iikhompawundi ezifana titanium oxide, amanzi enzima, zirconium ephuculweyo.

Ezi izinto okuyingxenye 1 nganye ngokobunzima element ubani kufuneka izixa ezahlukeneyo zezinye izinto. Ngoko, kwi ezimbaxa kokubini lwe bismuth kunye kaLayishe waseGalim kwi inxalenye enye ubunzima kaLayishe waseGalim ukuwa ukusuka kwiindawo 1.24 ukuya 1,82 of bismuth. ekhemisi Kamva wafumanisa ukuba, ngaphandle iikhompawundi metal kwezinye izinto nganye abawuthobeli umthetho etyhutyha wawucacisa, kukulo udidi iikhompawundi zondle njengoko oxides. Berthollides kwakhona uphawu sulfides, carbides, nitrides, kunye hydrides.

Indima izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo

Ekubeni kwi ilifa umthetho rhoqo le nto, imichiza njengento inzululwazi ngqo iye yakwazi ukuba unxulumanise iimpawu ubunzima umchiza kunye nomxholo isotopic eziqalelo iyilwe nguye. Khumbula ukuba izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ingqalelo atom isiqalelo ikhemikhali Proton efana kodwa amanani ezahlukeneyo nucleon. Xa kujongwa ubukho izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo, kuyaqondakala ukuba ukwakhiwa ngokobunzima compound inokuba eziguquguqukayo phantsi imeko izinto rhoqo iqukwe kweziyobisi. Ukuba element kwandisa umxholo naliphi Isotope kunye ubunzima Impahla itshintshayo. Umzekelo, amanzi zesiqhelo uquka 11% hydrogen, inzima ezenziwa Isotope yayo (deuterium) - 20%.

iimpawu berthollides

Njengoko sele kuchaziwe, imithetho yolondolozo yase chemistry ukuqinisekisa ukuba izibonelelo ezisisiseko theory atom-ezinto eziphilayo yaye ayinyaniso ngokupheleleyo ukuya ubuncwane ubume rhoqo - daltonides. A berthollides imida leyo ungatshintsha iinxalenye ubunzima izinto. Ngokomzekelo, xa oxide of tetravalent titanium enye ubunzima yinxalenye metal nganye ukuwa ukusuka kwiindawo 0.65 ukuya 0,67 kwe-oksijini. Substances kuqamba non-esisigxina akuthethi ukuba isakhiwo eziphilayo, ezikrobeni zabo ngumkhenkce iqanjwa athom. Ngoko ke, Imichiza ubisi zibonisa kuphela imida ukwakhiwa kwawo. Ezahlukeneyo ukuba izinto ezahlukeneyo. Iqondo lobushushu kwakhona kuchaphazela kolundi ukwakhiwa izinto ubunzima. Ukuba izinto ezimbini yamachiza ibe phakathi kwabo izinto ezimbalwa - berthollides, ngoko nabo ingenakusetyenziswa kulophulo kunye nomthetho siswele ezininzi.

Kuzo zonke mizekelo ingasentla ukugqiba ukuba imichiza ithiyori amaqela amabini kwezinto akhoyo: sisincoko rhoqo okanye umahluko. Ukuba uhlobo ezi zithako isiqinisekiso elihle iimfundiso atomic eziphilayo. Kwaye apha umthetho ubume rhoqo ayisekho ezibalaseleyo zenzululwazi imichiza. Kodwa ibonisa imbali yophuhliso lwayo.