UJan Carlos I: isithombe, ubukhosi kunye ne-biography

UJan Carlos I de Bourbon - uKumkani waseSpain, uye waba lixesha elipheleleyo. Ukulawula kwakhe kwaphela iminyaka engama-40, apho ilizwe liye lavela kwi-fiefdom eyingozi kakhulu kwilizwe langoku ngentando yesininzi. Akuyonto yonke eyahamba ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokukhawuleza, zonke iingxaki zaphonswa kumahlombe enkosi yaseDemocrat, apho ipolitiki kunye nentlalo yentlalo yobukhosi baseSpeyin yayininzi .

Imbali yobukhosi

UJan Carlos I ngummeli wesigqeba sobukhosi saseBourbon. Le ntsapho ithatha ingcambu yayo eFransi, kwaye ummeli wayo wokuqala eSpeyin nguKumkani uFilipu V, ukugqitywa kwezinto ezenzeka kwii-1700 ezikude. Indlu yaseHabsburg, eyona nto yayomelele kunalo xesha, kwilizwekazi laseYurophu, isaba ukuba ubukhulu buza kudlulela ezandleni zamaBourbons, ukususela kuloo mzuzu ukulawula izikumkani ezimbini ezinkulu: iFransi neSpain. Emva koko, imfazwe yaqalisa ifa leSpain, ngexesha lokumkani waseSpain wayenqatshelwe ukuba athathe isithsaba saseFransi, wavakaliswa ukuba ngumlawuli osemthethweni waseSpain wedwa.

Kwiminyaka eyi-100 ubukhosi babuthatyathwa yiNapoleon, kodwa ngo-1814 amandla abo abuyiselwa. Ngo-1871-1873 itrone yayikhokelwa ngu-Savoy ubukhosi, kodwa ukususela ngo-1874 ukuya ku-1931 i-Bourbons yayiphinde ibe "kwinqanaba". Emva koonyulo, amandla adluliselwe kumaRephabhliki asekhohlo, kwaye ngenxa yeentsuku eziliqela zokubonakaliswa okungapheliyo, uAlphonse XIII washiya ilizwe waza wahamba waya eItali. Inkosi yaseBourbon yayilungiselelwe ukuba iphinde izalwe ngowe-1975, xa isihlalo esingenamntu saseSpain sasihlala ku-King Juan Carlos omtsha.

Ubuntwana noLutsha

Ikosi yakusasa yayizalwe kwintsapho yendlalifa eyayiyindlalifa kwisihlalo sobukhosi saseSpain, u-Juan Juan Carlos, u-Count of Barcelona ngoJanuwari 5, 1938, xa intsapho yakhe yayisekuthinjweni. Okuthakazelisayo, wabhaptizwa nguE. Pacelli, owathi ngonyaka waba ngupapapa ogama linguPius XII.

Ngomnyaka we-1947, i-referendum yenzeke eSpain, apho i-95% yabavoti inika ivoti yokubuyiselwa komyalelo wobukhosi, kodwa ngexesha elifanayo, uGeneral Franco wahlala engumntu osemthethweni. Ibhali-mali yaqulunqwa, apho, njengoko kulindelwe, igama lekosi elizayo yayingabonwanga. Into yokuba u-Alfonso XIII uyindlalifa eyona yindodana yakhe uJuan de Bourbon, owayengumdlali ochasayo ngumlawuli wesigxina uFranco waze wabamba iqhaza ekuqhelaneni naye. Ngoko ke, unyana wakhe oneminyaka engama-9 ubudala uJanas Carlos (umntwana wokuqala wesibini kwintsapho) wakhethwa kule nxaxheba.

Ukufumana imfundo

Ngomnyaka ozayo iindlalifa zexesha elizayo etroneni yamenywa eSpain, apho waqala ukufundelwa esikolweni sezempi saseZaragoza. Kude ngo-1958 wafunda kwidolophu yase-Maritime shishini, waza waqhubeka ekhonza kwi-Air Force yaseSpeyin. Wagqiba imfundo yakhe kwiYunivesithi yaseComplutense, eyaphumelela kuphela ngo-1961. Izifundo zenzululwazi yezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho kunye nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe zaba zezifundo . Emva koko waqala ulawulo lwezopolitiko kwaye waqalisa ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimicimbi yeburhulumenteni.

Ukudala intsapho

Ngomnyaka wama-24 wobomi bakhe, uJan Carlos, ndagqiba ekubeni ndibophe kunye nezihlobo zentsapho. Okhethiweyo wakhe wayeyinkosikazi yaseGrisi ekuthunjweni uSofia, owayeyintombi endala kaKumkani uPaul I. Umtshato wabantu abathweswe isithsaba kwenzeka ngoMeyi 14, 1962 eAthens, inkulu yeGrisi. Emva koko kwalandelwa i- honeymoon, emva koko esi sibini sasihlala kwibhotwe laseZarzuela eMadrid, lihlala lihlala namhlanje. Ngomnyaka kamva babenentombi, uElena, kwiminyaka emibini kamva-intombi kaKristu, kwaye ngo-1968 uSofia waletha emhlabeni unyana kaFilipe, iindlalifa zekamva esihlalweni sobukhosi. Okwangoku, uKumkani waseSpeyin u-Juan Carlos noSofia bazala abazukulwana aba-5.

Indlalifa kwisihlalo sobukhosi saseSpain

Jikelele uFranco wamxelela uJuan ukuba uyindlalifa kuphela ngo-1969, eyabangela ukucaphuka okukhulu kayise, u-Count of Barcelona. Umlawuli wecala akazange akwazi ukushiya isithsaba "kunoma ubani," ngoko waya kulolu khetho ngokugqithiseleyo waza wabona kuJuan ukuqhubela phambili kweshishini lakhe, ingakumbi kuba ukhethiweyo ngokwakhe wabonisa ngezenzo zakhe ukuba wayekulungele ukulandela indlela kaFranco. Wadlala kakuhle indima "yinkwenkwe ethobelayo" kunye nomfundi, wafunga nesifungo "kwiNational Movement" kwaye wayethetha ngokuphindaphindiweyo ekuxhaseni ulawulo lukaFranco.

Ehlotyeni ka-1974, uFranco wamisela uJuan njengentloko yelizwe. NgoNovemba konyaka olandelayo, emva kokufa kweGeneral Franco, ipalamente yamemezela ukubuyiselwa kwamandla obukhosi, ngesaziso sikaMongameli uJan Carlos I de Bourbon. Ifoto yokulungiswa komtsha omtsha emva kweminyaka engaphezu kwemashumi amathathu engenanto yetrone yaseSpeyin kubantu abaninzi - ukukhumbula iziganeko ezilindele ixesha elide ezilandele ixesha le-dictator Franco.

Uguquko lwentando yesininzi yokuqala

Njengoko kwavela, ukumkani omtsha akazange afune ukulandela inkambo kaFranco kwaye ngokukhawuleza waqhubeka nokuguqulwa okukhulu kwezinto zonke zombuso. Wamisela isikhundla se-prime minister u-Adolfo Suarez wezobupolitika onolwazi. Umsebenzi wakhe oyintloko wawusisigxina kwaye, ngokubaluleke kakhulu, ukuguquka komthetho kwintando yesininzi. Ngomhla ka-1976, "uMthetho woNguqulelo kwezoPolitiko" wawusayinwe, kwakufuneka ukuba ube ngumqulu wezomthetho oguqula amandla asekudala.

Ngomnyaka we-1977, yonke into yokumelana nemisebenzi yeqela lezopolitiko ezichasayo yaphakanyiswa. Ehlotyeni kwaloo nyaka, ukhetho lokuqala lokuqala lwepalamente lwaluqhutywe, kwaye ekwindla kwaphawulwa ngenguqu kwisigqeba somhlaba kwi-united to federal: i-autonomies yaseBasquiat ne-Catalonia yadalwa. Unyaka ka-1978 wabonakaliswa ngokuthotyelwa komgaqo-siseko wentando yesininzi, kwaye entwasahlobo ka-1979 unyulo olongezelelekileyo lwepalamente lwaluqhutywa ngokuhambelana nomgaqo-siseko.

Inguqu yentando yesininzi uJan Carlos endiyisebenzisayo yanyusa uyise ukuba axolelane nemisebenzi yakhe aze ambone unyana wakhe njengenkokeli esemthethweni karhulumente. Kwaye ngo-1978, i-Count of Barcelona yafa. Amaninzi amakhulu aseYurophu ayengabonanga ukuba uJuan Carlos abe ngukumkani, waqaphela igunya lakhe elisemgangathweni kwisihlalo sobukhosi saseSpeyin, kodwa kwakukho nemikhosi ngaphakathi kweli lizwe efuna ukubuyela kwindlela yomlawuli wongqongquthela uFranco.

"UThixo makasindise ukumkani!"

Ngonyaka wesi-6 wokulawula kwelo lizwe, ngo-1981, kwenziwa umzamo kweli lizwe ukuba liqhube ukuguqulwa kwegazi. Amagosa amaninzi aqhekeza ephalamende, athatha amalungu karhulumente kunye namagosa aneemfuno zokumisela "uwonke" wabo kwi-post of prime minister. Nangona kunjalo, ukumkani akazange akhulume, njengoko wayekulindelwe kuye, waphendula ngokuphendula. Abavukeli babengakulungele oku, kwaye kusasa bafanele banikezele kumagunya.

Igunya likaJuan ngelo xesha liye landa kakhulu nakwiiRiphabliki kunye nabanye abachasayo. Kwaye emva kweziganeko zango-1981 ukuba inkokheli yamaKomanisi, uS. Carrillo, owayekade ekhuluma ngokumkani ngokuklolokraza ebusweni bakhe, wamemeza efanelekileyo emoyeni phambi kweekhamera zethelevishini: "UThixo makasindise ukumkani!"

UJan Carlos 1 wayenomuvo wokuthi umsebenzi we-democratization yaseSpain wawugqityiwe. Emva koko, wagqiba ekubeni ashiye ukuphazamiseka kwezombusazwe kwimicimbi yeburhulumente, ngokukodwa ukususela ngoxa unyulo lwepalamente olulandelayo ngowe-1982 uninzi lwamavoti lunikezelwa ngenkxaso yeNtlalo yamaDemokhrasi. Ukususela ngoko, wazalisekisa umsebenzi ophakanyisiweyo weNtloko kaRhulumente, wayejongene nokuhlonipha imbeko kunye negunya lomphathiswa welizwe kunye nabantu, kwaye wakhonza njengoMlawuli oyiNtloko yeNtloko.

Iingcambu zeeminyaka yamuva

Ngo-2012, uchungechunge lwee-scandals lwaqala, ludibaniswe nentsapho yasebukhosini. Ngeli xesha eSpeyin, kwakukho ubunzima bezomnotho obude bude. Nangona kunjalo, oku akuzange kumise ukuzonwabisa. UJan Carlos Ndaya eBotswana ukuzingela izindlovu. Ngokutsho koqikelelo lweenkampani zoluhlu, le nto yayichithwa malunga neeyure ezingama-44 zama-euro. Olu lwazi lubangela ukucaphukisa okubalulekayo kubemi, ezinye izenzo zamatye zithatha ezitratweni zaseMadrid, zigxeka inkunkuma engqongqo ngexesha loqoqosho olunzima.

Ngaloo nyaka, uphando luqaliswe kwimeko yokukhwabanisa kwipropati karhulumente kunye nemisebenzi ekhohlakeleyo. Utyholwa kolu lukhulu okanye oluncinci, kunye no-Infanta Christina kunye nomyeni wakhe I. Urdgararina. Amatyala asemthethweni aziswa ngawo kuphela ngo-2014. Emva kwalolu gculelo, ukumkani waphoqeleka ukuba ashicilele isibhengezo semali risithi. Ngokwakhe, ngo-2011 imali yengeniso yemali yayingama-euro engama-293 lamawaka, ama-40% awo ahlawulwa kwi-bhajethi yelizwe ngendlela yerhafu.

Ukuhlaselwa

Iminyaka yokugqibela yokulawula kwakhe ayisaselula uYan Carlos 1 (ubukhosi bourbon apho buvuselele kwaye buzuze inkululeko yentando yesininzi) khalaza ngempilo. Oku kwabangela ukukhishwa kwakhe ngokuzithandela. NgoJuni 18, 2014 kwaba ngumhla wokugqibela xa ukumkani wobukhosi baseSpain nguHarlos Carlos. Ngelo xesha, abaphathi bafuna ukumnika isihloko se-Count of Barcelona, kodwa ummeli weBourbons wagqiba ekubeni emva kokuthatha umhlalaphantsi, akafuni ukufumana izihloko kwaye wayeza kuba nguJan Carlos, ngaphandle kwesiqalo esithi "Uzuko" okanye "Uphakamileyo". Ngomso olandelayo, ngoJuni 19, 2014 eSpeyin, ukumkani omtsha, unyana kaJuan Carlos, uFelipe, wangena kumalungelo akhe omthetho.

Njengoko ubungqina bokuzibonela kunye neekhamera zityhila, ngexesha lokunyanzelisa ubuso bukaFaro bukhanyisa ulonwabo. UJan Carlos Ndaqonda ngokucacileyo ukuba wenza okuninzi kwilizwe lakhe lakuzalwa: waguqula kwinkqubo yelizwe ukusuka kwidemokhrasi yobundlobongela kwintando yesininzi, iSpeyin eguquguqukayo kwezoqoqosho kwipropati ephakamileyo kwimpumelelo ye-Europe. Wahamba ngendlela enhle nentando yesininzi, kodwa wayengesabi ukubonisa ukunyaniseka xa kwafuneka ukuba ngo-1981. Wayekwazi ukuxolelanisa iintshaba ezinkulu - iiKomanisi kunye nabaFrancis. Kwaye emva kweminyaka engama-39 yokukhonza ngenzuzo yelizwe lakubo, wahamba ngekhefu elifanelekanga ngaphandle kweemali kwilizwe lakhe.