Uhlobo Old iincwadi Russian

iincwadi Old Russian evela amaxesha Kievan Rus. Kuba kwiinkulungwane ezisibhozo oku kuphunyeziwe amanqanaba ezininzi zophuhliso. Eyokuqala - le ukuvela kunye nokugqama uncwadi Kievan Rus. Le mpikiswano kwizizathu neentsomi le nokuxubana, ukuba isithethe ngomlomo yabantu nokufunda (emva kokuba ukuqaliswa ubuKristu) amava zoncwadi waseByzantium kunye Bulgaria.

Ngoku sinento iintlobo ezimbini ezikhumbuzo uncwadi Old Russian: original kanye iguqulelwe. Kunye ukwamkelwa ubuKristu, ulwakhiwo iitempile kunye nokuqaliswa imfundo yesikolo yokwanda kwemfuno uncwadi ibandla lamaKristu, iincwadi xikhongelo. Oku kubangele ukuba kwenziwe uncwadi eliguqulelwe eligunyazisiweyo Church (Paterik, ubomi, iincwadi zeBhayibhile njl). uncwadi eguqulelwe weza eRashiya ikakhulu Byzantium. Oku ukungeniswa kwindawo yokuqala ukuba kwakuyimfuneko ukuba iimfuno le nkolo entsha yobuKristu. Isebenza kuphela alondolozwe ngenyameko yaye yakhutshelwa kwaye oko kukuthi umsebenzi wabo nokubhala waqhubeka ezintsha ngezizathu zentlalo-kwimbali nenkcubeko.

D. Likhachev wabonisa ukuba Byzantium basuka kude zonke iintlobo zonke iincwadi Old Russian. Abanye baye nkqu wangena kumhlaba wethu, yaye ezinye zadalwa ngokutsha, yedwa. Oku kungenxa izigaba ezahlukileyo ekuphuhliseni uluntu aseByzantium Old. Oku kusebenza, umzekelo, imisebenzi yesihobe, iprozi, yaye zaguqulelwa baba nengcinga ngeendlela ezintsha. Amava kwiimbongi zokuqala yaseBulgaria akazange abangele ukuba ukuqhu- eRashiya. Kunjalo kunjalo amaqhalo. EseByzantium, baza baqalisa Ulihlanganisele kwenkulungwane ye-12, kunye nengqokelela Imizekeliso Russian yaqala kuphela ngenkulungwane ye-17. Kulo oko ke akunakwenzeka ukuba ukwakha neentlobo zoncwadi Old Russian kwinkqubo yohlobo lamaByzantine. Eyayikade kwizigaba ngezigaba ezahlukeneyo.

Iintlobo eziphambili zoncwadi yamandulo thaca yemihla, "iimfundiso" imisebenzi hagiographic (menology) neciko-moralistic iprozi.

Inkoliso yabo ezifunwayo iinkonzo. Ngenkuthalo kusetyenziswa iitekisi yebhayibhile, iguqulelwe zizazinzulu-ootitshala uCyril Methodius kunye nabafundi babo ulwimi yesiGrike. Ezinye iintlobo zoncwadi Old Russian ilungiselelwe ubomi oluya emishini. ummiselo walo uye noba bucala ukufunda, apho kuye kubekho iintlobo ezininzi ekhwaza esithi, Ubomi.

Njengenxenye ezinye iintlobo baye imveliso esitsha (umzekelo, ubomi ezintsha ngcembe kwavela ngokunxulumene Ukumiselwa kwe abangcwele). Abanye zikhawulelwe kuluhlu ezithile iimveliso, kunye nokuqaliswa ezintsha akuvumelekanga (iVangeli, IiNdumiso, kwaneeleta zabapostile). Kodwa ke phezu kwalo, kwaye bobabini baqhubeka iimpawu zabo.

amasiko wambopha Ngaphantsi babebizwa njalo-ntlobo 'wezwe iincwadi Old Russian. Noko ke, abazange wempangelo nomxholo kunye nenjongo zokufunda ehlabathini. Awabotshwanga nonqulo (nangona nayo isihloko ibandla), ukuba zihlandlo ezithile ebomini bomntu singafundwa nangaliphi na ixesha, ngoko akazange abe miqondiso engqongqo lwangaphandle. Ezi ntlobo, kakhulu, beza eBulgaria kunye Byzantium, iquka imisebenzi zembali ( "I Tale of the Ukutshatyalaliswa kweYerusalem," Iosifa Flaviya, "Devgenievo Act"), Kronike kunye Apocrypha. abazange Le yokugqibela kungcwalisiwe libandla wabhala umxholo Endala New Testament, leyo ezinikezwa nasekwenzeni iBhayibhile. Amaqhawe ithandwayo Apocrypha Baye abapostile uPetros noPawulos, uEliya noMoses; Omnye umzekelo zicacileyo umsebenzi onjalo - "Ukuhamba Virgin nge esihogweni."

Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-12, uncwadi Old Russian sele ifikelele kumgangatho wophuhliso na emi nje kuphela, kodwa kwakhona nempembelelo uphuhliso nenkcubeko yamazwe Balkan.