Inyaniso kunye ubuxoki Drama "ezinzulwini Lower" Gorky

Gorky wayesoloko ababetsaleleke umanyano kunye nomzabalazo izichasi (akukho Akumangalisi yena kaMarx): kuluntu kunye nobuntu, ubutyebi kunye nobuhlwempu, okulungileyo nokubi, inyaniso nobuxoki. Kule drama "ezinzulwini Lower" umbhali ephethwe kakhulu ngokucacileyo ubonise ilusizi kunzima inyaniso namandla okusindisa yobuxoki kuba ezibuthathaka umntu, eyaphukileyo. Mininzi imisebenzi impikiswano Russian zipapashwe ayikho ekhaya nakumazwe aphesheya. Mna ke kungekho ngaphandle, yaye umdlalo "ezinzulwini Lower". Gorky walibhala ekupheleni kuka-1901 - ekuqaleni kuka-1902. Isihloko loqobo: "Ezantsi yobomi", "Ithani", "indlu Doss", "emazantsi".

Umdlalo lavunyelwa kuphela Moscow Art Theatre, apho kuqala kwango-18 Disemba 1902 kubalawuli Stanislavsky kunye Nemirovich-Danchenko lwenzelwa. Ngowe-1904 yena wafumana ibhaso Griboyedov.

ematyotyombeni emhlabeni

Okokuqala wabonakala phezu kwabantu ndawo "bottom" - namasela, namahenyukazi, yokungcakaza kunye namanxila, apho umbhali abayiqokeleleyo a flophouse nightmarish.

monakalo sisondela zamaqhawe yayo Mxim Gorky - ezantsi yoluntu ukuba ukoyika, "kwigumbi elingaphantsi, ngathi kukho umqolomba," isilingi eliphantsi enzima, ifenitshala "unpainted kunye emdaka". Kakade ke, kukho ngukumkani uburheletyo, ukusela, ukungcakaza, ukulwa, baxambulisana engaphele ndawo, ubuhlwempu kunye namdla. Umbhali engenalufefe ngesithambiso esimnyama - amaqhawe imisebenzi bayafana indawo yabo yokuhlala.

Abemi "bottom"

Indlu lamagumbi baphila isela oselula Ash ihenyukazi Nastia, igosa lakomkhulu okonakeleyo (Baron), ohlala ukuba ngeendleko Nastya kaThixo, locksmith olwenziwa kunye nomfazi wafa, nomdlali-utywala, tricksters ikhadi Habib, kartuznik Bubnov kunye nabanye ukuze utshatise sele igama. Iqulethe le emhadini ngokunyoluka ezinezothe, sinokuhlonela uThixo wakhe ubukhazikhazi Kostylev ngokunyanisekileyo waqiniseka ukuba "ukulunga wentliziyo asikwazi kulinganiswa ngemali." Ngoko ke iinyembezi Aphakamise amahlwempu ezaleni, iindwendwe amaxolo emithathu, oko yinto ukuthenga ioli kwi isibane oyile. Sinokuthi kule drama Gorky wadala isimbo "Noir" - Noko ke, abaninzi Russian idrama isono akabaxwa nathemba.

Ekuqaleni, lo mdlalo abalinganiswa ngonaphakade bexabana kwizihloko yemihla ngemihla - i Baron akafuni ayitshayele indlu, ngoko uphawule snarls ukuphendula ngezityholo yokungakhathali umfazi wakhe ogulayo, lo gama axovula ozulazulayo lixoxa nokwenzeka emtshatweni. Xa kukho ebhadula indlu endala lamagumbi uLuka athethe ivame zakhe ngesiquphe ukuthatha ijika-bulumko. Oku kulapho kwaye ulwe inyaniso nobuxoki kule drama "ezinzulwini Lower".

Mkhondo ubuKristu emsebenzini

Osanda ime bephuma ngabahlali ngokusisigxina "kostylevskih ikwayara 'ukuba wahlala i ubuntu iyevakala. Abanye abagxeki bathi uLuka - umlinganiswa elibi, yaye igama layo ivela "lowo embi". Kodwa kuyacaca ukuba oku akunjalo Ekuveleni elinethoba kunye kwiinkulungwane omabini. Gorky wayengumlandeli ithiyori uthixo-isakhiwo, wazama ukubalelana Marxism kunye ubuKristu, ngokusekelwe ukufana-bulumko.

Inyaniso kunye ubuxoki Drama "ezinzulwini Lower" yeyona zodonga ezazimanyene ngohlobo kaLuka, nto leyo kunokuba ibe umlinganiswa wevangeli. izimvo zakhe ubukhulu becala abangamaKristu: yena uzama ngokwenene ngayo ukuthuthuzela osentlungwini (mhlawumbi, kule krakra kwaye abone njongo iphambili unqulo). Le ndoda endala lithuthuzela Anna afe, nangovelwano uyayiphulaphula ibali uthando ihenyukazi etsomo Nasty, uxelela umdlali obunxilisayo esibhedlele, nto leyo ekufuneka anyangwe, uzama ukweyisela isela Vaska ukuya eSiberia, kwaye uqale ubomi obutsha ukunyaniseka.

ULuka ukholelwa ukuba ukulahlekelwa ithemba agwetyelwe ukufa, aze abalise ibali ngendoda, iphupha ebomini ukuya ku 'ilizwe ubulungisa. " Emva kokuva ukuba yena wayengekho apho, Wasixhoma (iphela nje phezulu kunye nokulahlekelwa ukholo ukuphiliswa omdlali ezinxilisayo, yintoni, enyanisweni, mdlalo Gorky kunye iziphelo).

bonke ngoko efanayo: yinyaniso okanye bubuxoki? Intlonelo okanye nosizi?

Akwaziwa nokuba lichaza umbhali esinethemba illusion ngabom, ngaloo ndlela siwenze ube ubuxoki, kodwa ngesi sihlandlo a hlobo polemics kunye Luca kuthatha Habib. Yena ke, engumfana, Ndafunda lukhulu, uze ke yabulala indoda ukukhusela udade yakhe entolongweni bangamakhoboka amakhadi waza waqalisa ukwenza umkhonyovu ophilayo. Habib isigqebelo, smart ndakubumba. isimo sakhe ngandlel ingqamana izimvo kaLuka: Bobabini bakholelwa ukuba iziko ngayo indalo - indoda kunye ukukhetha free. Kodwa ukuba Ubiza "ixesha nofefe ngabantu," into aa nofefe engamkelekanga: ". Simele bahloniphe abantu ... hayi ukubathoba kuye ... nosizi"

Xa nabo ummangalelwa indoda endala falsity, adonsa-ngokwasengqondweni nangokuzinikela uyamlwela: "Kukho abantu abaninzi balele yimfesane ngenxa ummelwane ... ubuxoki Kukho sinikhuza, ubuxoki ukulungisa." Yena, ke, uthi ububi yayo ayintsonkothanga, kodwa liyazi nje ukuba akunakuphepheka ezinye: "Ngubani na umphefumlo buthathaka ... kunye nabanye abantu abaphila incindi ... ubuxoki kuyimfuneko."

umgxeki loncwadi kunye nenjongo yombhali

Inyaniso kunye ubuxoki Drama "iinzulu Lower" kwi inkcaso kungekuphela amaqhawe uluvo. Le ntswela eziphambili, njengesiqhelo, phakathi ngelizwi ke nangomsebenzi, ingcinga kunye leyinene. Habib ezino- yentetho malunga nento yokuba abantu "Lihle" - yena, Noko ke, akukho ngaphezu kokuba sharpie ikhadi, elidelile umsebenzi: "Sebenza? Ngokuba yintoni? Ukuze kuhlutha? ". Hayi, Kakade kufuneka ukuba ube 'kuhluthe ngaphezulu. " Umsebenzi, ngoko, kungekuhle, nibaqhathe kwi amakhadi - akukho.

Kulungile ukuba ngoku ukhululekile kwiimbono yali, nto leyo eye yaba bathinjwa of Mxim Gorky. "Ngelo emazantsi" - umdlalo umdla yaye zinzulu, akubonakali nto kufuneka kuthathwe kuphela nje ukugxekwa yoluntu longxowankulu. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba umbhali azama ukwahlula kuphela phakathi lokwenyaniso nolobuxoki, kodwa indoda Lihle, kunye nabo apho ubukhulu bayo bokuqala ukusuka nto ihleli.

Khangela kungena enzonzobileni

Enye abalinganiswa kulo mdlalo kukho siwacacisa kakuhle kakhulu izizathu nokuhlala zakhe "emazantsi", "Njengokuba ndiyaqala ukuzalisa - lonke epropu, isikhumba enye uhlala ... Kodwa - ndilivila. Inkanuko njengoko Andiyithandi ukusebenza. "

Xa isenzo yokugqibela Nastya ngokuqulunqa le layini ekugqibeleni: "... kufuneka kususa njengoko inkunkuma ... kwindawo ethile emhadini." Oku kuvakala ngathi ngumbono kunokuba angazithandiyo ukuba "abantu akufuneki" kufuneka kutshatyalaliswa, ungenantuthuzelo ubuxoki enobuntu, nakuba wonke ubomi bomntu - akulambathanga. Kulo mzekelo, ukufa umdlali, ekugqibeleni ndaqonda ngamampunge bobukho bakhe, ifuzisela kakhulu.