Uhlenga - it ... Gorbachev kaThixo perestroika. Ebudeni beminyaka perestroika

Ukuba umntu avareji oqhelekileyo abasindayo kwisiqingatha sesibini yee- kwi ubudala sizathu, namhlanje cela ukuchaza ngokufutshane eli xesha, impendulo kwiimeko ezininzi, uyakwazi uve into efana "perestroika - yinto eyoyikekayo kunye nehlazo." Ngokwendalo, lo mfana wazalwa (okanye hayi noko) ngaloo minyaka, ibali eneenkcukacha.

Imbali i Gorbachevskaya

Gorbachev kaThixo perestroika (oko kukuthi, wayila gama, nangona mhlawumbi hayi kusungulwe kulo yena), yasungulwa ekuqaleni 1987. Kwenzeka ntoni ngaphambili, emva konyulo sakhe kwisikhundla nguNobhala Jikelele, ebizwa lunikezelo. Kwaye phambi kokuba walawula ngxi kweli lizwe. Kwaye phambi leyo ukuzikhethela. Kwaye phambi kwakhe - ihlelo ubuntu. Apha ku kwiStalinism iye endaweni zimelwe kwi imvelaphi yazo zonke eminyaka ezilandelayo zokuxhatshazwa olukhazimlisiweyo. Le nep.

Leyo yindlela ekupheleni yee- cinga ngembali USSR Abantu Soviet ukuba becala. Negalelo kule mbono amanqaku amaninzi ipapashwe koonondaba ezithandwayo ( "Yathetheka", "Komsomolskaya PRAVDA", "Ingxabano kanye Facts" kunye nabanye abaninzi). Ezishelfini zaye ngaphambili zivaliwe imisebenzi uncwadi, kuba ilifa apho kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo kube yinto enokwenzeka lokuqokelela kwiinkathazo ezininzi, yaye utshayelwe nakusekuqhwanyazeni kweliso. Ilizwe lethu yaba yeyona idumileyo ehlabathini phambi nasemva 1987 ukuthandwa iincwadi kunye namaphephandaba kwaye ukubetha zonke iirekhodi ihlabathi elidlulileyo (yeha, kunokwenzeka ukuba elizayo).

nya elidlulileyo

Kakade ke, zonke ezi imithombo yolwazi malunga ngembali yelizwe lokuzalwa kwakhe ngamandla akhe amakhulu revelatory akazange ukuba angcangcazelise inkolelo yabantu Soviet kwi ubulungisa eliphezulu yoluntu yali yaye injongo yayo ekugqibeleni - ubukomanisi. M. S. Gorbachev kunye nabalandeli bakhe Politburo wazi Ilusizi ke into yokuba - ngenxa ukusebenza ephantsi - ezolimo kunye noshishino efunekayo uhlengahlengiso. Uqoqosho yaphum, amashishini amaninzi eziyingenelo, kodwa kuyabiza, lisanda inani 'nemibutho basefama-izigidi "(ngokutsho isixa ityala zikarhulumente), izinto ezininzi lokwakhiwo kwezindlu baba nemeko lwetyala kunye ukutya kwakhona yi tsakela. Young unobhala-jikelele wayesazi ukuba ukuthembeka ezithile anako, kuba iminyaka emininzi kangaka zonke akuzange kwenziwe njengoko kufuneka, ngoko ufuna ezinye ixesha alinde. Kwathi kanti kamva, yalibaziseka iminyaka emininzi perestroika. Ke kwangaphambili ukuba akukho muntu.

Ukukhawulezisa nookopolotyeni

Ngokwawo, ikhondo ukulungiswa, Kakade ke, kwakufuneka. Esi sibini wokuqala kwiminyaka kwakucingwa ukuba ulwalathiso bethatyathwe ngelize nje ichanekile, yaye "ayikho enye indlela, amaqabane" yisa nje kuyo kufuneka ngokukhawuleza. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni igama kwinqanaba lokuqala, apho kwakugxininiswa ekuhlengahlengisweni aqala. Imbali i nep kubonisa ukuba ezinye iinkalo zolawulo ukutshintshela ezandleni zabucala, utshintsho ziphantse alunakuqinisekiswa. Kule eko, eli lizwe ngokukhawuleza waphumelela Yimbuqo nendlala, uncedo oluvela kwabanye obeyithabathe abanini iyasebenza izama. Ukuzama ukuphinda le mpumelelo minyaka imashumi mathandathu kwakhokelela iziphumo ncam ncam. Cooperators baye baba "touchstone" ukudala iklasi entsha longxowankulu Soviet. Bazizalisa ezinye iinxalenye kurhwebo lwasekhaya, kwaye kakhulu nempumelelo kunye izinto zangaphandle, kodwa ukuba ndimaphule ngunomji lonke uqoqosho ethe asilela. Ngoko ke, Kuluvo ukuba ngokutsha - lungaphindwa-nkqubo New Economic akafuni zingenasihlahla. ukukhula GDP lwenzeke. Ngokwahluke ngokupheleleyo koko.

abasebenzi

Ngowe-1986, yaba kukukhawuleziswa (malunga leyo neziqhulo esasifudula ukuba nje "nakanjani", yaye ngoku "POW-nakanjani-boo") uye phantse akukho mntu ubuya ayikhumbule. Kufuneka amanyathelo olutsha uhlobo lwesakhiwo, kwaye uzive oko zobunkokeli lizwe Kwaze ngaphambili. Kukho ubuso esitsha esiya kuthatha indawo mastodons iqela umhlala-phantsi, kodwa kwakhona ukusuka kwamajoni endala, yena wayesaziwa ngokuba "abaziingqondi eliphezulu", Gorbachev wala. Eduard Shevardnadze waye ngusihlalo we Soviet Ephakamileyo, UNikolai Ryzhkov wathabatha predsovmina esitulweni, ikomiti isixeko eMoscow we iqela ekhokelwa ngelo xesha kuthandwa kancinane-yaziwa kodwa ukuzuza ngokukhawuleza, Boris Yeltsin. Lukyanov and Alexander Yakovlev wangena Politburo, wenza umsebenzi zezilwanyana onokucinga ngazo. Kwakubonakala ukuba impumelelo iqela liqinisekisiwe ...

Koko wabonakala ngaphandle

Ngenxa yoko, le ngxaki inkulu kwabonakala ukuba butyhileke. Amanyathelo phambili kufuneka ukuzimisela zixokozela. Sam M. S. Gorbachev, bakuthetha sakhe njengesiqhelo, wachaza ezixineneyo ngeenxa zonke kuye, "Abantu abaqhelekileyo 'ukuba ngokutsha - kuxa wonke umntu esenza umsebenzi wabo. ngokwendalo Lo mbuzo ubangelwa oko bonke ntoni phambi 1985? Ke abemi abanamava eSoviet akazange ambuze.

Ngokweemini phambi mveliso, eSoviet Union waziva ukungabikho kophuhliso ngezobunjineli. Plenum of 1985 wamisela ithagethi lokukhula yemveliso yorhwebo nge-70%. Yi ekupheleni koo, impumelelo kwacetywa kumgangatho wehlabathi, kunye nemigangatho yazo. Abasebenzi kunye nezibonelelo kuba bekungandilungelayo. Kutheni zange yenzeke le nto?

XXVII Congress kunye izigqibo ezichanekileyo

Ngowe-1986 waba XXVII Congress of the CPSU, umsebenzi apho - enyanisweni, kungekhona nje ngenxa kumaphephandaba kunye clichés ze - wayebukele ilizwe lonke. Abathunywa inkxaso ukwamkelwa umthetho inguqu, amalungelo ubunini babo yabasebenzi, ezinako ukukulumkisela onyule abalawuli, ukulawula imivuzo yaye isigqibo iimveliso ukuba zivelise, ukufumana inzuzo enkulu ngoku. Ngabo aba utshintsho ka perestroika, elisandula abasebenzi kwaye ayikwazanga nokuphupha. Ngokusekelwe utshintsho ekuhlaleni nezicwangciselwe ukusetyenziswa ngokukuko amandla karhulumente ukunyusa imveliso kwifama nge-150%. Oku ivakalisa ukuba kulo nyaka wama-2000 kwi ezindlini ngamnye uya kuphila zonke iintsapho Soviet. Bakuvuyela abantu, kodwa ... ngaphambi kwexesha. Le nkqubo nangoku ayisebenzi.

socialism kwezoqoqosho

Kwathatha iminyaka emibini emva kokuba perestroika yaqala. Kuyabonakala ukuba Gorbachev waqalisa uthuthumbisa amathandabuzo malunga ukuchaneka indlela apho lizwe ihamba. Kwiminyaka emininzi kamva, ngowe-1999, ethetha eTurkey, kwisemina eyayibanjwe yi-American University, wothini na ukuzibiza ngokuba azinikele anti-yobukomanisi ubomi bakhe bonke wawalwela ngokoyisa lwentando yesininzi. Ngandlel 'ithile, ukuze abe namalungelo, kodwa namhlanje kuba nzima ukuvavanya ukufaneleka yezenzo zalo ngo-1987. Wandula ke wathetha into ngokupheleleyo, esola abameli obufihlakeleyo 'inkqubo umyalelo' kwaye akukho iindlela ngaphantsi angaziwayo zinqanda konke. Nakuba kunjalo, lo ngowona ixesha lesibini (kwaye yokugqibela) ulungelelwaniso kwiSocialism lisusiwe kwaza isithsaba yogqibelelo wafumanisa (kakhulu ngokungalindelekanga) iziphako zenkqubo yezemfundo. Kubonakala ukuba zonke akhulelwa kakuhle (uLenin), kodwa banesifo ophambene kakhulu. Kwakukho ingqiqo socialism kwezoqoqosho - ngokuchasiweyo ulawulo iqela osisiyatha. sisizathu inika amanqaku oonjingalwazi kunye academicians L. Abalkina, G. Popov, N. Shmelev kunye P. Bunich. Ephepheni, bonke baya kwakhona kakuhle, yaye eneneni bashumayela eziqhelekileyo yobusoshiyali self-mali.

Conference Party lethoba

Ngowe-1988 yena wathunywa kumgca wokugqibela ekhusela omnipotence party nomenklatura. uluntu kunye ukunciphisa impembelelo Communist Party kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente kunye zoshishino, amandla lokuzimela kumabhunga izigqibo wathi usukelo ekufuneka ukuba ulwele. Kwakukho iingxoxo, nayo yonke indlela revolution wajika ukuba ezi iingxaki zisonjululwe iyafuneka kwakhona phantsi kolwalathiso zeqela. Nje ngokuba ezinye i amandla uqhuba wayengekho. Xa iindwendwe bagqiba ukwenza, ngentliziyo yam yonke ukuxhasa Gorbachev. Kwakubonakala ukuba ngokutsha kwiminyaka edlulileyo wachitha nto ngamampunge, kodwa ayikho. zaye Iziphumo ezichaphazelekayo ukuba amalungu eBhodi, ngoku isinye kwisithathu zamasekela emele imibutho karhulumente.

Le ntlekele iye eziphathekayo, crisis ngokomoya

Emva nkomfa, kwakukho into eyayingathi ekwahlulweni RSDLP. , Xa umdlalo livelise Democrats zayo kunye radicals emele ulwalathiso ezazingasombululeki eceleni. Okwangoku, babeqhele ukuya uxolo nozinzo kweli lizwe nexhala. Ukhulele iingcamango yobukomanisi isizukulwana abadala enovakalelo ekuweni izimvo zabo ngayo uluntu nje. Abaqolileyo abantu baqhele iziqinisekiso zentlalo kunye nentlonipho impumelelo yabo yabasebenzi, abaneengxaki zemali, mandundu yi-mali cooperators noludumileyo ebonakalayo - abantu kwabangazi krwada rhoqo. Abantu abatsha kwi ixesha perestroika kwaye waziva ingxaki yokomoya, ebona ukuba imfundo efunyenwe ngabazali, akuqinisekisi impilo engcono. Isisekelo crumbled.

Umntu ilahlekelwa and umntu ufumana

Ukutshatyalaliswa kwiimbono elibalaseleyo, akunamsebenzi nokuba ingakanani na kufutshane ezixabisekileyo jikelele, njalo luhambisana enkulu-isikali drive-ngezenzeko kunzima kakhulu ngoyaba inkoliso yabemi. Yaqalisa logwayimbo lwabasebenzi mveliso kunye mgodini. Ukutya ntlekele abathengi othi isuka yenze shwaka ezishelfini ze iti, esigarethe kunye icuba, swekile, isepha ... Kulo mzekelo, abanini ezinye izithuba wenza kube nzima ukufumana esisityebi ngokutsha enkulu kwi-USSR. Ngokufutshane ke ingachazwa nexesha wayenemfuyo sokuqala. bodwa State kurhwebo lasemzini lixhoba inguqu yedemokhrasi, abantu abaye baba namava kwiimarike zangaphandle yaye unxulumano ekunene, ngoko nangoko wathabatha ithuba nekhono zabo. Ithuba elihle lokuba ukunika mboleko. yamaphepha Soviet ngokukhawuleza uphelelwa iimpawu yalo encedayo ukubuyisela yayingekho nzima, utyalo udibaniso phantse nayiphi na imveliso. Nguye, nangona bonke. Kungabi ngenxa nto. Noko ke, izinto ezincinane ...

On the emibuzo kazwelonke

ukudinwa nje kuphela, kodwa uphawu ziziganeko igazi ngexesha lolungelelwaniso. uPienaar eSoviet at the seams iingxaki ezinzulu zobuhlanga kummandla eBaltic, i Ferghana Valley, Sumgait, Baku, Karabakh, Osh, Chisinau, Tbilisi kunye nezinye iindawo ekuhlalwa de Union kutshanje kwengxabano. Ubunzima ukudala "Iimbumba" nto leyo ebizwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kodwa lowo waba iingcambu yobuzwe. Imiboniso, iintlanganiso kunye nezinye izenzo yokungathobeli yoluntu bahlasela lizwe, izenzo abasemagunyeni 'baba lukhuni, kodwa emva kwabo, kwaye elithekelelwayo ubuthathaka igunya lobunkokheli, kunye nokungakwazi yakhe inkcaso elide enogonyamelo. Uhlenga-1985-1991 kwabangela ngokuwa Union zibe amaqumrhu karhulumente wesizwe ezahlukeneyo, ngokufuthi nobutshaba omnye komnye.

iintsuku engamakhulu amahlanu ... okanye ozifunayo?

Ngo-1990, ngomqukumbelo kwezoqoqosho alawule iikhonsepthi ezimbini ezingundoqo kuphuhliso olungaphezulu. Okokuqala, omnye umbhali Yavlinsky, ndandicinga uthengiso phantse nangoko (iintsuku ezimakhulu mahlanu) kunye lenguqu ukuya capitalism, leyo, njengoko kwakuthe phantse wonke umntu, socialism apho progressive waphila. Le ndlela yesibini linikezela Ryzhkov ngaphantsi atshintshwa kunye Pavlov, yaye zinika ukukhwela kwamagingxi emakethe nge ngokwezigaba wokuba nezithintelo karhulumente yolawulo. Ngoko ke, ngokuthe ngcembe ekukhuliseni zobuhlali, waza waba ubunkokeli lizwe ukwenza. Noko ke, kwenzeka ukuba lo intshukumo kade egqajukelwa yingozi.

Lika - safikelwa nakuthintelwa

Kwakhona ngo-1990, abemi Soviet ngequbuliso wabonakala ngumongameli. Oku kwimbali kurhulumente - kunye Tsarist kunye eSoviet - hayi kwenzekile. NgoJuni, eRashiya ukuzimela, kwaye ngoku Gorbachev angakhokelela USSR naphi na, kodwa hayi e Moscow, apho waba yinkosi ka Boris Nikolaevich Eltsin, usihlalo omkhosi. Gorbachev, Kakade ke, incwadi yesicelo akayi kushukunyiswa, kodwa kukho ungquzulwano, yaye waqhubeka kwaze ekupheleni USSR.

I-zimvo, nto leyo eyathi yaqhutywa ngoMatshi 1991, zabonisa izinto ezimbini ezibalulekileyo. Okokuqala, kuye kwacaca mhlophe ukuba uninzi lwabemi Soviet (ngaphezu 76%) ofuna ukuhlala kwilizwe elikhulu. Okwesibini, ngokulula beyisekile ukuba utshintshe ingqondo yakhe, kodwa yajika phandle kancinane emva koko.

okunene Emva kokuba kwabanjwa kwawa manyano karhulumente (okuthetha eSoviet Union ngaphandle Russia?), izifundo New komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe baqala ukulungiselela umtshato, nto leyo waqokelela iKomiti e Novo-Ogaryovo. NgoJuni, Yeltsin waphumelela unyulo, waba ngumongameli wokuqala Russian. Kwafuneka ukuba asayine isivumelwano umfelandawonye nge-20 Agasti. Kodwa ngoko kwafika kombuso, usuku nje ngaphambili. Ke kwakukho iintsuku ezintathu ezele yimincili, tomivshegosya wenkululeko Foros Gorbachev kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi, ezahlukeneyo kwaye akusoloko mnandi.

Yaphela kanjalo ngokutsha. Kwaba lokulwa.