Isakhiwo yangaphakathi ezirhubuluzayo. Ukwazi ukuba baphile izirhubuluzi

Izirhubuluzi eziququzelelwe kakhulu iklasi kwezilwanyana ezinomqolo, olubandakanya iintlobo 9.400, ehamba emhlabeni, kwi nezo zihlala emhlabeni nasemanzini ubuncinane yokuphila. Kweli nqaku, siphonononga ukuba isakhiwo lwangaphakathi kunye nemisebenzi ebalulekileyo izirhubuluzi, kwakunye sijonge ezinye iimpawu ezinxulumene naphaya zokusingqongileyo.

Amathambo nemisipha ezirhubuluzayo

Ngokungafaniyo eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, izirhubuluzi umqolo na isakhiwo entsonkothileyo kwaye iqulathe wesibeleko, thoracic, empontshwa, sacral kunye ummandla caudal. omqolo Thoracic ahlangene iimbambo ukwenza isifuba. Kuyinto ndingekho iinyoka, kodwa lomqolo kwabo iqulathe ukuya ku-500 amathambo. Xa amacilikishe, ngokungafaniyo iinyoka, ephuhliswe kakuhle esifubeni, nomsila umqolo yahlukile: ukusuka omqolo caudal kufuneka ngomaleko intlala inyama, kwaye lula zitshatyalaliswe. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba autotomy. It has a ixabiso olukhuselayo: isilwanyana usinda evela amazinyo nomzingeli, ukulahlekelwa yinxalenye umsila wayo. Inkqubo imisipha kuzo izirhubuluzi nto inzima kakhulu.

Oku kusebenza, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, izihlunu thoracic intercostal ababandakanyekayo ukuphefumla. inkqubela ebonakalayo iye kwizihlunu mandibular, kunye nemisipha imilenze nemazi yexhama iyazala izirhubuluzi ezinjengezo malovane kunye neengwenya. isakhiwo Anatomically kakhulu entsonkothileyo lwangaphakathi izirhubuluzi (jonga kwitheyibhile engezantsi) sisiphumo aromorphoses kunye nolwamkelo ezithe zavela kwezi zinto ziphilayo ngexesha zazivelela.

izitho kwegazi

Iingxaki ezirhubuluzayo mbutho zakuphatha kunye nemithambo yegazi. Ukuqhubeka ukuhlola isakhiwo zangaphakathi nangaphandle ze ezirhubuluzayo, ingqalelo iimpawu zayo kunye neenkqubo ezinxulumene kwegazi metabolic. Nethe ezirhubuluzayo engaxhomekekanga lobushushu kokugquma i kunokuba emanzini. Kunjalo, ezirhubuluzayo, kunye eziphila sifana izinto poikilothermic, yaye babe kangangoko lobushushu kuluhlu - 22 ukuya + 38 degrees +. ukusetyenziswa ezirhubuluzayo amandla ngaphantsi koko emanzini. Oku kungenxa yokwanda ukuntsonkotha isakhiwo intliziyo, kwakunye ukwahlukana buso kuyo lokuhamba emithanjeni negazi lwemithambo. Iimpawu ze isakhiwo yangaphakathi ezirhubuluzayo, itafile oboniswe apha ngezantsi, zibonisa ukuba ezirhubuluzayo ejikeleza ezimbini. inkqubo yabo yokujikeleza evaliwe, kukho entliziyweni isahlulelo engaphelelanga, ngokugqithisileyo ngokupheleleyo iingwenya, ukugcina umngxuma phakathi lasekhohlo nakwicala lasekunene.

The main umbutho yegazi iquka imithambo emibini kunye ventricle. igazi lwemithambo buthathwa kwinxalenye engentla ventricle, bangene kwi intendelezo ekhohlo kunye lwemithambo - ukusuka ekunene. Ngoko, kwi esezantsi ekunene nemixube igazi ventricular. Ngexesha systole, igazi nomoya utyhalelwa ukuba arch ekunene aortic. igazi elingumxube kwicala lasekunene ventricle lasekhohlo ongena arch aortic, kunye lwemithambo - ukusuka umphantsi wesiqingatha - kwemithambo miphungeni. Nangona, ucinga isakhiwo yangaphakathi ezirhubuluzayo, nakwintetho ezimbini malunga kwegazi, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuthatha ingqalelo yokuba aziyi kuqwalaselwa ezizimeleyo emithanjeni kunye negazi lwemithambo zixubene kwi aorta amaphiko.

ezirhubuluzayo zangasese kidney

Isakhiwo yangaphakathi ezirhubuluzayo iphawulwa ubuxhakaxhaka kulwakhiwo lomnye iinkqubo eziphambili - zinomgutyulo, na uphuhliso metanephric - zangasese kidney. Bona elise kwicala ventral le isitya kumacala omabini cloaca, ukudibanisa nayo ngokusebenzisa ureters. Kukho isinye. Snakes and iingwenya oko anatomically kakuhle ichaziwe. Kwiimveliso ezirhubuluzayo zotshintshiselwano, ngokuchaseneyo ezanyisayo ngaphandle urea langoku, kwaye uric acid.

Njani ekugayeni

Uninzi ezirhubuluzayo izinto ezitya inyama, nangona izirhubuluzi ezifana necilishe ekhawulezayo, nehobe emathafeni, kwaye zondla izityalo. Ngokufundisisa isakhiwo lwangaphakathi ezirhubuluzayo, kucacile ukuba ityhubhu yokwetyisa kukho iqela lemisebenzi esemqoka morphological ezinxulumene yintsumantsumane yonke mbutho. Ngoko ke, bakha inkalakahla eziziisekondari. Oku akhiwa amathambo kwaye eyohlula kwisisu ngomlomo iivesi nasopharyngeal kokuvula angene umqala iimanyano ifanele - choanae eziziisekondari. Ikholoni ke izirhubuluzi yokuqala ukuvela cecum. glands yokwetyisa: wesibindi, injeke, ukuvelisa enzyme inyongo emulsifies lipids. Iindonga kuvuleke iminxunya emathunjini kwemisipha kwaye ashinyeneyo, nto leyo ibaluleke ngakumbi iintlobo, ukuginya yonke ukutya (umzekelo, iinyoka) okanye iziqwenga enkulu (iingwenya). Xa iincwadi zesikolo of biology, ukufunda isakhiwo lwangaphakathi izirhubuluzi (Grade 7), iqulethe eninzi iinyani ezinika umdla malunga izinto isirhubuluzi. Umzekelo, iingwenya kunye Ufudo abe elide zonke ezinye izilwanyana ezinomqolo ngaphandle ukutya, yindlala ukuya kwiinyanga ezintandathu. Kuba eziqhelekileyo iinyoka ukwetyisa kufuneka amaqondo obushushu okukufutshane hayi ngaphantsi 22 - 25 ° C, kungenjalo kupheza amadlala yokusila ukuvelisa enzyme, kunye nokutya wabaginya liphela, ukudla, kwaye uqalisa ukubola esiswini, nto leyo ekhokelela ityhefu kunye nokufa kwesilwanyana.

umjikelezo

Ukuqhubeka ukufunda isakhiwo lwangaphakathi kunye nesakhono ukuze baphile izirhubuluzi, cinga utshintsho ngamaxesha athile xa ontogeny zabo. Kokuba babe balindeleke ukuba ukuhla kwamaqondo obushushu idioadaptatsy (yonke imihla kunye cyclicity ngamaxesha athile). Ngokomzekelo, phakathi ku-spring izirhubuluzi kukhokelela yokuphila asebenzayo, ukususela kwintsimbi yeshumi, xa umhlaba kunye umoya ngokwaneleyo lokufundisa seliphantse ukugqitha.

NgoJulayi - Agasti, uninzi izilwanyana lixakeke kusasa okanye ngokuhlwa, yaye emini, awela kwimo yokuphumla. Ebusika kwisibanzi ziingcathu izirhubuluzi nobusika, ezimela nasezimfanteni, imingxuma okanye ngaphantsi kwiingcambu zemithi. Estivation uphawu lweentlobo ezirhubuluzayo, leyo ngeli xesha, ukunqongophala kokutya.

Kuhluma ku ezirhubuluzayo

Cyclically eyenzeka izilwanyana kunye nenkqubo kuhluma - unokuluguqula na ulusu owomileyo bakhuselwe beziya okanye isikali horny. Kukwaxhomekeke nasekubeni lobushushu kuma kulo. Snakes namacilikishe molt lugqibeke, kulo mzekelo, ukutshintsha isikhumba lonke, ebizwa Nightcrawlers. Xa iingwenya amane exfoliated ezikalini ngamnye - osteoderms. Xa amafudo exfoliate iindawo yesikhumba ukuba kukhuseleka korapaksom kunye molt zasemanzini ngenkankulu azikaqapheleki.

isilwanyana esirhubuluzayo ukuzala

Xa iinkqubo elibujikele kwi izilwanyana eziphilayo yaye libhekisela umsebenzi nezenzala, nto leyo nayo kulawulwa lobushushu kuma kulo. Nikelani ingqalelo awohluke yesakhiwo yangaphakathi ezirhubuluzayo. Le theyibhile ingezantsi iqinisekisa ukuba ezirhubuluzayo zizilwanyana dioecious, obubonakala ngokuba yincwadi evuliweyo kwezichumiso lwangaphakathi.

Emva kwakhe, iimazi zizala amaqanda egqunywe amacilikishe, Ufudo ndyoka iqokobhe bulishica, kunye iingwenya yena Lime. Ezinye ezirhubuluzayo, ezifana irhamba, hatching amaqanda ngaphakathi emzimbeni. Ukhanyiso ke olo lwabonakala ukuba alimele-12, nto leyo ngoko nangoko lwathi shwaka. uhlelo zokuzala Male zimelwe namasende bafundelane ngezibini, Umbobho yobudoda kunye volfovyh channel angena cloaca. Iimazi iperi zamaqanda. Jajtceprovoda ukuba imingxuma ifanele ezibusazinge kwakhona zibandakanyiwe cloaca.

luvo kunye izitho

kuba Isakhiwo lwangaphakathi ezirhubuluzayo akaphelelanga ngaphandle ukufunda innervation amalungu kunye nemisebenzi analyzers. Kobuchopho isakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo.

Amaziko neuron ezokunxulumana Ukubonelela ngophuhliso lwe ikhaliphe moya, le nkqubo. amalungu kwamehlo, ukuva, ivumba, thinta ngokwaneleyo kuphuhliswa. Tinyoka ezinye amacilikishe, ezifana umsele, kukho Parietal iliso, nto leyo umzimba photosensitive.