Ubuchule Derzhavin. Innovation kwi imisebenzi Derzhavina

Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin (1743-1816) - an obalaseleyo Russian Imbongi 18 - kwenkulungwane ye-19. umsebenzi Derzhavin wakhe groundbreaking ngeendlela ezininzi kwaye ushiye uphawu obalulekileyo kwimbali uncwadi yelizwe lethu, ochaphazela kuphuhliso yayo ngakumbi.

Ubomi Works of Derzhavin

Ukufunda biography of Derzhavin, kusenokuba kuqatshelwe ukuba kwiminyaka yokuqala umbhali ayibonisi ukuba umiselwe ukuba ube yindoda enkulu ngcungela okuqaqambileyo.

Gavrila Romanovich wazalwa ngo-1743 kwiphondo Kazan. Usapho yombhali ikusasa uneventful kakhulu, kodwa yaba yezikhulu.

iminyaka Early

Esengumntwana, Derzhavin kwafuneka anyamezele kokufa kukayise, nokuba mandundu imeko yemali yentsapho. Unina kwafuneka aye nako ukuqinisekisa ukuba oonyana bakhe bobabini, yaye ubanike ubuncinane ethile yemfundo noqeqesho. ootitshala Good kweli phondo, apho wayehlala usapho, wayengekho kangako, kwafuneka ukuba up nabo banako yokuqesha. Nangona imeko enzima, impilo enkenenkene, lootitshala abatsha, Derzhavin, ngenxa ubuchule bakhe unyamezelo, wakwazi ukufumana imfundo ephucukileyo.

emkhosini

Ukanti umfundi le Kazan zokuthamba, imbongi wabhala nemibongo yakhe yokuqala. Noko ke, ukugqiba izifundo zam kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, kodwa akazange aphumelele. Isibakala sokuba iphutha obenziwe ezithile amagosa, iye yakhokelela ekubeni lo mfana kunyaka ongaphambili wathumela emkhosini ngo Petersburg, e Preobrazhensky webutho, ngendlela kwizikhundla eziqhelekileyo ijoni. kweminyaka elishumi kuphela kamva, wakwazi ukuba nangoku ukufikelela kwisikhundla segosa.

Njengoba ukuphila ukubuthwa kunye nomsebenzi Derzhavin itshintshe kakhulu. inkonzo Long ushiye ixesha elincinci kuba umsebenzi ezoncwadi, kodwa, nangona oku, kule minyaka imfazwe Derzhavin wabhala ezininzi yemibongo ezihlekisayo yaye bafunda imisebenzi ababhali ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka i-University, apho ke ngokukhethekileyo ayeze kwaye ingqalelo ungumzekelo omhle. izibongo German lwaba nomtsalane Derzhavin. Wayesazi German kwaye wenza wokuguqulela iimbongi Russian kwaye German kwimibongo zabo ngokufuthi lathembela phezu kwabo.

Noko ke, lo gama Gavrila Romanovich iye ezingekabonwa umsebenzi wayo ophambili kwimibongo. Yena aspired ngekhondo yomkhosi kwinkonzo kwilizwe kunye nokuphucula imeko eziphathekayo entsapho.

Ngowe-1773-1774 gg. Derzhavin wathabatha inxaxheba abathintela qhankqalazo Emelyana pugacheva, kodwa ukukhulisa nokunakana merit yabo engenziwanga. Ndihluthi, ndizamkele nje imbuyekezo imiphefumlo kuphela ezimakhulu mathathu, oko esibhedlele. Abanye xesha iimeko kwanyanzeleka ukuba enze ukuziphilisa ayikho kakhulu ukunyaniseka ndlela - amakhadi okudlala.

ukuvezwa kwetalente

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ngeli xesha, yoma, italente yakhe okokuqala kuvuleka ngokunyaniseka. "Chatalagayskie ode" (1776) kutsale umdla readers, kodwa ngobuchule ngayo kunye neminye imisebenzi yoma ningekabi elizimeleyo ngokupheleleyo. umsebenzi Derzhavin yaba imitative ngakumbi, ezifana Sumarokov, Lomonosov kunye nabanye. Imithetho engqongqo ye yokuba, leyo, elandela isiko zakudala, wathobela imibongo yakhe, hayi bavunyelwa ukuba ukutyhila ngokupheleleyo italente eyodwa lombhali.

Ngowe-1778, kubomi lobuqu umbhali kwenzeka isiganeko wena nqaba ivuyelelayo - wawa inkanuko uthando watshata Catherine Yakovlevna Bastidon, nto leyo eye yaba iminyaka emininzi Ndithelekelele lwakhe lwesihobe (ogama Plenira).

indlela Own kule ncwadi

Ukususela ngo-1779 umbhali ukhetha indlela yalo kule ncwadi. De Ngo1791 uyasebenza uhlobo ode, leyo wamsa udumo omkhulu. Kodwa ke imbongi nje ukuba abe ngumzekelo ezaziwa olu hlobo engqongqo. Yena zingaguqulwa itshintshe ngokupheleleyo ulwimi, nto leyo iba resonant ngendlela engaqhelekanga, iimvakalelo, kungekhona njengoko waba Wayilinganisa, classicism efanele. Ngokupheleleyo awuyitshintshanga le Derzhavin ode kunye nomxholo eceleni. Ukuba ngaphambili izinto urhulumente kaThixo kokona kubalulekileyo, ngoku Derzhavina ubuchule bokuyila, kwaye wenza zobuqu, izityhilelo banye. Kule nkalo ke yayifuzisela sentimentalism equka kwiimvakalelo, ubuhule.

kwiminyaka yakutshanje

Kumashumi eminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe Derzhavin eyeka ukubhala bacule emsebenzini wakhe uqala kulawula imibongo yothando, imiyalezo ubuhlobo, imihobe ezihlekisayo.

Imbongi wafa July 8, 1816 kwilifa Zvanka, indawo amthandayo.

Creativity Derzhavina ngokufutshane

Imbongi ngokwakhe wacinga engundoqo merit kwintshayelelo yakhe zamabali "yegama funny Russian," nto leyo ixutywa izinto style zomthonyama ophezulu, edibanisa imibongo uvuthondaba. Innovation Derzhavin waba nenyani yokuba iye engandiswanga uluhlu kwimibongo Russian, kubandakanywe imixholo kunye mibala kubomi bemihla ngemihla.

ode emisiweyo

Derzhavin ubuchule ngokufutshane ukuchaza abadumileyo bacule zakhe. Babedla coexists ekuqaleni ekhaya nokobuqhawe kuko, oluntu kunye zobuqu. Ngaloo ndlela Creation Derzhavina idibanisa iziqalelo ngaphambili awuhambisani. Umzekelo, "Imihobe phezu lokuzalwa komntwana e North porfirorodnogo" ayikwazi ngokuba ode esindilisekileyo ngengqiqo ezaziwa ilizwi. Ukuzalwa Alexander Pavlovich ngo-1779 iye yachazwa njengesiganeko omkhulu, zonke buchopho ndimzisa izipho ezahlukeneyo -. Mind, ubutyebi, ubuhle, njl Noko ke, iinto abokugqibela babo ( "Yiba phezu ndoda etroneni") lubonisa ukuba ukumkani - indoda, ekube kungavumelekile aziqhelekanga ukuba classicism. Innovation kwi imisebenzi Derzhavina babonakaliswa apha umxube yemeko yoluntu ngayo loo mntu.

"Felitsa"

Kule ode Derzhavin nobuganga ibhekisela kulowo ukumkanikazi, Iqaqambile naye. Felitsa - yi uCatherine II. Gavrila Romanovich nto leyo nje umntu labucala, ngaloo ndlela besaphula isithethe ekhoyo ngoko engqongqo Classic. Le mbongi bayinqule uCatherine II kungekhona amacandelo karhulumente, kodwa isilumko oyaziyo indlela yakhe ebomini omlandelayo. Ngoko ke imbongi ichaza ubomi bakhe. Self-isigqebelo xa echaza neenkanuko, owaba imbongi, ukhonza ukugxininisa isidima Felitsa.

Oko kukuthi, uhlobo lo ode, phambili kwisifundo indumiso, iba imbongi umyalezo lobuhlobo, apho kukho macala ezimbini, yaye nganye kuzo kubalulekile, ungangxami. Ebukumkanini uCatherine II imbongi uyayixabisa ezininzi yonke nesisa, elula, ukuzanelisa, oko kukuthi lobuqu, iimpawu zomntu.

"Ngomhla Ukuthatha ka Izmail"

Kule ode ubonisa umfanekiso obubalaseleyo yabantu Russian, nto leyo inqaba Turkish. Ukomelela wafanisa bakhe amandla endalo: iinyikima zomhlaba, izaqhwithi ulwandle, intaba mlilo. Nangona kunjalo, akukho zidityaniswe, kodwa kuxhomekeke ukuthanda kakumkani Russian, eqhutywa nemvo yokunyaniseka ukuya kwilizwe. Amandla ezimangalisayo ijoni Russian kunye nabantu yonke Russian, amandla ayo nobukhulu waboniswa kulo msebenzi.

"Ingxangxasi"

Kule ode, ebhalwe Ngo1791, ikakhulu kuba njengesihlambo umfanekiso, engumqondiso impermanence ubomi, udumo emhlabeni kunye nobukhulu babantu. Kwase waba Kivach Ingxangxasi, elise Karelia. palette imveliso Umbala zizityebi ngeemilo nemibala eyahlukeneyo. Ekuqaleni kwalo kwaba nje inkcazelo Waterfall, kodwa emva kokufa Prince Potemkin (ngokungalindelekanga wafa ekhaya indlela yakhe, ebuya uloyiso emfazweni Russian-Turkish) Gavrila Romanovich wongezelela umfanekiso lomxholo yesemantiki kunye ingxangxasi waba ukuthatha ubu wobomi izinto le mbongi zeentanda-bulumko izinto ezahlukeneyo amanani. Derzhavin wayeqhelene Prince Potemkin, awaba nako ukuphendula ekufeni kwakhe ngequbuliso.

Noko ke, Gavrila Romanovich waba kude Potemkin encomekayo. Xa ode wayichasa Rumyantsev - yiloo owathi, ngokutsho umbhali, a hero lokwenyaniso. Rumyantsev waba ngokuthanda wokwenene abakukhathaleleyo kwezonjongo, hayi udumo nobutyebi. Le iqhawe ode wakhe ngokomfanekiso lihambisana nomsinga cwaka. seengxangxasi ingxolo kuphikisana mhle ubuhle Sawang lomlambo kunye awo yaye ezolile phezu ingcaciso kwamanzi ngokupheleleyo. Abantu abafana Rumyantsev, ngokuzola, ngaphandle idalwa nokubilisa neminqweno baphile ubomi babo, sifake ubuhle zezulu.

bacule zefilosofi

Izihloko Ubuchule Derzhavina kuqhubeka bulumko bacule. Ode "Ngomhla Ukufa ka Prince Meshchersky" (1779) sabhalwa emva kokufa uPawulos indlalifa, Prince Meshchersky. Ukufa uchazwa ngokufuziselayo, oko "buyayomeleza scythe" yaye "atshixize amazinyo akhe." Ukufunda lo ode, ekuqaleni ize kubonakala ukuba olu hlobo "umhobe" lokufa. Noko ke, siphela kwisigqibo esahlukileyo - Derzhavin usibiza ukuba sibuxabise ubomi 'sisipho yethutyana ezulwini "ziphile kakuhle, ukuze sife ngentliziyo ehlambulukileyo.

anacreontic isosha esihlatshelelwayo

Bexelisa ababhali bamandulo ukwenza iinguqulelo yemibongo zabo Derzhavin wadala ezincinane yakhe, abemyala ngayo ingqiqo Russian bubumnandi yesizwe, ubomi, wachaza uhlobo Russian. Classicism e Derzhavina misebenzi apha ithe utshintsho.

Translation Anacreon for Gavrila Romanovich - lithuba lokuba ukungena ebukumkanini endalo, umntu ebomini, apho kungekho ndawo ngendlela izibongo engqongqo Classic. Umfanekiso yale imbongi yamandulo udela ukukhanya nobomi onothando, zatsala kakhulu Derzhavin.

Ngowe-1804 uhlelo elahlukileyo "iingoma Anacreontic." Kwintshayelelo echaza isizathu sokuba wagqiba ukubhala "ivesi ukukhanya": imbongi wabhala ezi ndinyana ebutsheni bakhe, yaye yapapashwa ngoku ngenxa yokuba washiya inkonzo, waba ngumntu labucala kwaye ngoku ukhululekile ukuba ukupapasha nantoni na ayifunayo.

lyrics emva kwexesha

Xa iimpawu uyilo Derzhavin kwixesha kamva ziquka into yokuba ngeli xesha yena phantse uyayeka ukubhala bacule kwaye kudala imisebenzi ubukhulu becala lyrical. Lo mbongo "Eugene. Zvanskaya Life", ebhalwe 1807, ichaza ubomi kwikhaya ngemihla aziingangamsha endala yokuhlala ekwilifa usapho obutofotofo emaphandleni. Abaphandi bathi ukuba lo msebenzi yayibhalwe eziphendula elegy Zhukovsky "Ngokuhlwa" naswona a a Romanticism polemic incipient.

By the lyric ongasekhoyo Derzhavina ezinxulumene nomsebenzi "Ilitye eliSisikhumbuzo", ezele ukholo kwisidima somntu, yavota ubunzima, ezenzeka ebomini kunye notshintsho zembali.

indalo Ixabiso Derzhavina lalilikhulu kakhulu. Ukuqalisa Gavril Sergeyevich waqhubeka yotshintsho iintlobo ezaziwa Pushkin, kwaye kwixesha elizayo, kunye nezinye iimbongi Russian.