Reactions qualitative izinto zemvelo anions, ukuse-

asabela esemgangathweni ukuba izinto eziphilayo, ion kunye iyatshi- nga ukufumanisa ubukho iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo usebenzisa ezikhoyo, kwiimeko ezininzi iindlela ezilula. Bangakwazi kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa izikhombisi, hydroxides, oxides. Science ukuba ufunda iimpawu kunye nesakhiwo kwezinto ezahlukeneyo, obizwa ngokuba "ngesayensi". reactions qualitative ziyinxalenye kwicandelo bobuqili kwale nzululwazi.

Ukuhlelwa kwezinto ezingaphiliyo

Zonke izinto zahlulwe eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo. Iqela lokuqala lilungu kwezi iindidi iikhompawundi, ezifana ityuwa, hydroxides (isiseko, acid kunye amphoteric) kunye oxides apha zikwaquka iikhompawundi ezilula (SІ2, I2, N2 kunye nezinye eyenziwa into enye).

Iityuwa sakhiwa zesiqinisekiso kwensimbi kunye nentsalela anion asidi. Iimolekyuli Isakhiwo acid ziquka + ukuse- H kunye anions iintsalela emuncu. Hydroxides iqanjwa ukuse- intsimbi kunye anions ngohlobo qela hydroxyl OH-. iimolekyuli Ukwakhiwa oksayidi iquka atom imichiza ezimbini, Ioksijini omnye wabo luyafuneka. Iiplastiki asidi, ezisisiseko kunye amphoteric. Njengoko iqondwa kwisihloko zabo, ayakwazi ukuba yokutshata kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo zizinto ngayo ezithile. Ngenxa yoko, oxides acid ukusabela namanzi ukwenza acid kunye ezisisiseko - kwisiseko. Amphoteric, ngokuxhomekeka kwiimeko, mhlawumbi ukubonisa iimpawu zombini iindidi oxides. Ezi ziquka intsimbi, beryllium, i-aluminiyamu, inkcenkce, chromium, bakhokele. Ezi hydroxides nabo amphoteric. Ukuze ubone ukuba khona isisombululo kwezinto ezahlukeneyo ezingaphiliyo zisetyenziselwa ubunjani basabele ion.

Iintlobo kwezinto eziphilayo

Eli qela libandakanya anemichiza, molecule e ekwakhiweni apho kufuneka ukuba ibandakanye yekhabhoni hydrogen. Banako ziqulathe atom mpilo, nitrogen, Isalfure kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi.

Zahlula-hlulwe ezi ndidi ziphambili zilandelayo: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, asidi engumgquba (okunamafutha nangenucleic ifumile, acid, njalo-njalo), aldehydes, iiprotheni, amafutha kunye carbohydrate. abasabela ngayo abaninzi qualitative kwinto eziphilayo wenziwe esebenzisa iintlobo ngeentlobo hydroxides. Kuba ezi wezenzi zingasetyenziswa njenge potassium permanganate, oxides acid.

imveliso zomgquba, asabela qualitative

Ukubakho alkanes kakhulu kumiselwa indlela ngaphandle. Ukuba ufaka potassium permanganate, ayiyi discolor. Ukutshisa ezi zinto nelangatye ukukhanya blue. Alkenes kungabonwa ngokuthi kongezwe amanzi bromine okanye potassium permanganate. Zombini ezi izinto ezi olumbhatshileyo ngokuhlanganisa nabo. Ubukho phenol kwakhona kumiselwa ngokudibanisa nesisombululo bromine. Ngaloo ndlela iba ezingenambala kwaye ukuwa kwenze. Ngaphezu koko, phambi into kungabonwa ngokusebenzisa isisombululo chloride ferric ezikunika umbala violet-omdaka ngokuhlanganisa nayo. reactions qualitative izinto zemvelo ezi alkoholi iklasi ukongeza sodium kubo. Kulo mzekelo, hydrogen zazivelela. alkoholi omlilo sikhatshwe anjengedangatye ukukhanya blue.

Glycerin kungabonwa nge Cuprum hayidroksayidi. Ngoko kwakhiwa glycerate, ezikunika nesisombululo cornflower umbala. Ngaba ukubona ubukho aldehydes usebenzisa Argentum oxide. Ngenxa yoko, indlela abasabela ngayo kuvelisa Argentum ecocekileyo leyo ngokwemvula.

Kukho kwakhona indlela qualitative ngenxa aldehyde, oluqhutywa ngokusebenzisa hayidroksayidi zezobhedu. Ukuze sibe nokumiliselwa kufuneka kufudunyezwe isisombululo. Kulo mzekelo, kufuneka kuqala utshintshe umbala kwi oluhlaza ube tyheli ke ebomvu. Iiproteni kungabonwa ngokusebenzisa acid Nitrate. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba uwa kwenze omthubi. Ukuba songeza Cuprum hayidroksayidi, oko purple. reactions qualitative izinto zemvelo udidi asidi lwenziwa ngokuthi isixhobo sisetyenziswe litmus okanye chloride yentsimbi. Kuzo zombini ezi meko, isisombululo utshintsha nombala obomvu. Ukuba songeza sodium carbonate ikhuphe icarbon dioxide.

kubeke asabela qualitative

Zinokusetyenziswa ukufumanisa ubukho kwi ngesisombululo ion naziphi zesinyithi. iimvavanyo ezisemgangathweni kwi acid kukuchonga Ukuqwalaselwa H +, leyo ifakiwe kumafa zabo. Oku kunokwenziwa ngeendlela ezimbini: ngokusebenzisa litmus okanye methyl-orenji. I yokuqala olune medium utshintsha umbala walo obomvu, owesibini - pink kulo.

Le ukuse- lithium, sodium kunye potassium zingahlukaniswa namadangatye zabo. Okokuqala zikhanyiswe ngombala obomvu, owesibini - mthubi, eyesithathu - amadangatye Violet. ion calcium ziyazibhaqekela indlela ukudibanisa izisombululo carbonates, apho a kwenze emhlophe.

anions asabela qualitative

Yeyona ixhaphakileyo yabo - ukuchongwa OH-, apho uyakwazi ufumanise ukuba kukho izizathu isicombululo. Ukuze wenze oku, izikhombisi zifuneka. It ਫ਼ੂਜਿੰਗ inkqubo, imethyl-orenji, litmus. Imvelaphi kule meko uzuza umbala obomvu, owesibini - yellow, lesithathu - Blue.