Progressive awodwa e Duma

Progressive awodwa - zesiganeko elikhethekileyo kwimbali kwenkqubo epalamente yesizwe. Lo mzekelo yokuqala, xa iqela intransigent kwiindawo ezininzi kwasekwa sibambisene nxamnye ceca yelizwe kungena enzonzobileni kwezoqoqosho kunye kwingxaki kwezopolitiko. Xa iimeko ezinzima leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi yathatha uluntu zobunene izamile ukwabelana uxanduva kunye lobuzwilakhe, kodwa Nicholas II nakweyiphi minyinyiva ezinzulu akazange afune ukuya ekugqibeleni kwakhokelela ekubeni ukulahleka igunya labo liphakamileyo kwaye ekuweni yoBukhosi baseRashiya.

Progressive awodwa indalo yangasemva

Ukudalwa Progressive awodwa kwi Duma - isiphumo ubhalo kwenzeka kwelo xesha kweli lizwe uphuhliso lwentlalo-qoqosho kunye nezopolitiko. ERashiya Ukuvuma Agasti 1, 1914 iMfazwe Yehlabathi I ndabanga flash eliqaqambileyo kakhulu yenzondelelo kwilizwe liphela. Musa ukuhlala bucala kunye nabameli phantse zonke angquzulanayo likaRhulumente Duma. Kungakhathaliseki iimbono zabo zopolitiko kunye kabini kunye Octobrists kwaye Trudoviks babonisa inkxaso yabo ngokupheleleyo Government of Nicholas II, yaye wakhuthaza abantu ukuba sibumbane ubuso benzeke ukuya iLizwe loobawo.

Nangona kunjalo, eli isivumelwano kwaba flash elifutshane. Imfazwe yayitsala, endaweni ngokuphumelela wathembisa kunye nokuzimanya 'mkhosi eConstantinople yamandulo' ubunzima uthotho izilonda olubuthathaka. Wakhula ilizwi emsindweni nto imelwe Duma, kwiBolsheviks, abo batyholwa uNicholas II emfazweni ngokomdla mveliso ezinkulu bezimali, wabiza amajoni asasazwe ezingalweni ukubhukuqa umbuso. Ezi izibheno zenzeke ngokuchasene nentsukaphi yempilo imeko yezoqoqosho kweli lizwe kunye "sizitsibe solungiselelo" kwi kwizikhundla eziphezulu amandla. Ukwenziwa Progressive awodwa kwiimeko ezinjalo baba de facto ithuba lokugqibela utshintsho enoxolo ukugcina uzinzo kweli lizwe.

Inkqubo yokudala

Ukuqala inkqubo ezisingise kwindibano ngeenkongolo bafake amaqela, esenzeka ngoJuni-Julayi 1915. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba kabini kunye Octobrists baba umahluko omkhulu kakhulu phakathi efanayo, ukuba phantse ngazwi wathi, ukuba le meko kweli lizwe ngenxa ka ukoyiswa imiphambili saqala ukwehla ngokukhawuleza. Ukuzinzisa le meko, kwaye kucetywa ukuba ukudibanisa imigudu imikhosi abanengqondo Usukele umlawuli ekudaleni urhulumente unoxanduva kungekuphela yena kodwa zamasekela. August 22 phakathi ezintandathu angquzulanayo zikaRhulumente Koti kunye ezintathu - esi sivumelwano iBhunga of State, leyo waziwa ngokuba Progressive awodwa.

Ingakumbi kubasebenzi Progressive awodwa

inxalenye ukwazi kakhulu yale umbutho wezopolitiko. Ngokusemthethweni, lo ingxenye inkulu, wehla, wangena kuyo, waba 'Union of Oktobha 17 ", kodwa umgaqo-nkqubo balumke kakhulu kule umbutho kukhokelele kwinto yokuba abameli balo ziye eeNjongo eziNinzi njenge kwizibhambathiso ezithile kunye norhulumente kunokuba kwifayile kuyo nayiphi na imiqathango engqongqo. Ngoko ke, inkokeli ngokukhawuleza kwafika abameli i yeCadet Party , elikhokelwa Pavlom Milyukovym. I Democrats siseko ithathwa nokudalwa Progressive awodwa, njengenyathelo elibalulekileyo kwindlela eya Russian yokwenene neNgonyama siseko. Kabini ngenkuthalo basebenzisa ithuba yonxulumano bahlabe iimfuno zabo nkqubo, kwakunye inxaxheba ebonakalayo abameli kwayo namanye amaqela.

Kwakhona Progressive awodwa yabhalwa ngabameli alwayo, njengoko Zemstvo-Octobrists, isizwe, simi kwiqonga eqhubela phambili, centrists kunye progressives. Xa iyonke, i Duma State kwi umbutho omtsha kuquka 236 amasekela, ngokungathi nca kuzo kunye neerhuluneli zeBhunga State, ufumana inani gqitha abantu angamakhulu amathathu. Inkokeli esesikweni enye neenkokeli "Union of Oktobha 17" lwakhethwa Meller Zakomelsky e bureau block kwakukho abantu abayi-25, apho umsebenzi mkhulu hlukile Milyukov, Efremov, Szydlowski kunye Shulgin.

Progressive awodwa e Duma: le nkqubo kunye neemfuno ezisisiseko

Isiseko lwenkqubo lombutho wezopolitiko entsha kwi State Duma imigaqo engundoqo emininzi. Okokuqala, oku ukulungele ukwabelana uxanduva kunye yokurhoxa leKhabhinethi kunye nokudalwa urhulumente omtsha oza nje kunandipha intembeko uninzi abameli zamasekela, kodwa "progressives." Okwesibini, noRhulumente entsha ukusekwa inkqubo yokusebenza ukulondoloza uxolo zentlalo kweli lizwe, yaye kukho umahluko ocacile amagunya phakathi nezasekuhlaleni kunye nomkhosi. Ekugqibeleni, okwesithathu, ukudalwa Progressive awodwa kwi Duma, ngokutsho Abaseki bayo, kwakumele ukuba kubekho isiqinisekiso sokuba ulawulo lomthetho kweli lizwe.

Of kwimisebenzi ethile ukuba iinkokheli iziko elitsha yezopolitiko ekucetywa ukuba kuqhutyelwa kufuphi elizayo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba isigqibo umbuzo kazwelonke kweli lizwe. Ngoko ke, oko kucetywa ukuba ukunika amalungelo alinganayo kunye nezinye iintlanga amaYuda ukunika Inkululeko banzi Poland eFinland ukuba ibuyi- yabemi Compostela. Ukongeza, i-awodwa Progressive kwi Duma phantse nangoko emva nokubunjwa yayo wabeka phambi uRhulumente umba uxolelo amabanjwa ezopolitiko kunye kut- imisebenzi yabasebenzi. Noko ke, nkqu nabantwana la mabango kuye kwabangela ukumelana onzima kungekuphela liBhunga labaPhathiswa, kodwa abameli monarchist neyelenqe i Duma.

Le ntlekele kunye ukuphela komsebenzi

Progressive awodwa Kwanele zesakhiwo ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo echaza zochuku kakhulu phakathi kwamalungu ayo. Luvuthondaba ngemisebenzi lalo mbutho yaba ukusebenza ngo-Agasti 1916 ukuba inani lamalungu ayo ngokuchasene norhulumente kunye Stunner yayo yinkokeli. ukugxeka, leyo ufakwa, ingakumbi, Miliukov, intloko iBhunga labaPhathiswa kwanyanzeleka ukurhoxa, kodwa ngokwesiseko umgca karhulumente ayikatshintshi. Oku, kuye kwavula ngezikhondo zamehlo kakhulu phakathi iphiko eziphakathi malunga ibloko kunye nangaphezulu ngokupheleleyo-babechubekile "progressives." Emva uthotho iingxoxo, ezintsha ngoDisemba 1916, wayishiya Progressive awodwa. Phambi kokuba February Revolution iiveki nje ezimbalwa.

iziphumo ukungazi

Ukudalwa Progressive awodwa kwi uDuma wayebonakala ukunika ithuba uxolo kweli lizwe ukoyisa iingxaki zoqoqosho nezopolitiko okubangelwa iintsilelo Russia kwi leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Noko ke, yokuswela amandla komlawuli ukwenza umnyinyiva ezinzulu, uhamba kunye ukuphikisana yangaphakathi ngaphakathi awodwa akazange avumele eli thuba lokuba zibe yinyani.