Oosonzululwazi abaninzi abadumileyo kunye zezibalo. Women kwiMathematika

Sciences ngqo kudala nok uluntu. Umzekelo, sezibalo yamandulo yesiGrike Euclid wenze igalelo ebalulekileyo kule ndawo ukuba ezinye iziphumo zakhe nangoku efundwayo esikolweni. Ivula ngamalungu bobabini abasetyhini kunye namadoda, abantu abavela kumazwe ahlukeneyo kunye nabameli kwiinkulungwane ezahlukeneyo. Yiyiphi imilo zezona zibalulekileyo? Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha.

Ada Lavleys

Hayi indima lokugqibela eyadlalwa IsiNgesi. Women kwiMathematika isenokungabi ninzi, kodwa igalelo labo isoloko esisiseko. Oku kunxulumene ngqo umsebenzi Ady Lavleys. Ntombi imbongi edumileyo iNkosi Byron, yena wazalwa ngoDisemba ka-1815. Ukususela ebuntwaneni, wabonisa yayitalente kwimathematika, ngokukhawuleza ukuqonda nasiphi na isihloko esitsha. Noko ke, iziphiwo ngokwemveli esobukhomokazi sahlanganisa Ada - idlalwa kakuhle umculo yaye ngokubanzi lady entle kakhulu. Sikunye noCharles Babbage, wasebenza kuphuhliso inkqubo yokalo emileyo computer. Ukuqweqwe imisebenzi zizonke yaba inishiyali zakhe kuphela - kwimathematika ababhinqileyo ngelo xesha into olungafanelekanga. Namhlanje, kucingwa ukuba kwepensile yaba linyathelo lokuqala ukungena malunga nokudala uluntu ngeelwimi computer. Yaba Ada Lovelace kuba ingqiqo komjikelo, ukusasaza amakhadi, uninzi ubuchule emangalisayo kunye izibalo. Nangoku, iyasebenza kwinqanaba ezahlukeneyo, ufanelwe kwimfundimani ezinezidanga.

Emmi Neter

Enye kukhankanywa academic ofaneleyo wazalwa usapho sezibalo Maksa Netera e Erlangen. Ngelo xesha kokuba lifumene le amantombazana bavunyelwe ukuba bangene eyunivesithi, kwaye kwabalelwa ngokusemthethweni kunye nenani labafundi. Wafundela noPawulos Gordan, wancedisa Emmy wayekhusela ithisisi yakhe imfundiso invariants. Ngowe-1915 Noether wenza igalelo elibonakalayo umsebenzi ingcamango jikelele ka. izibalo bayo bavuya kunye naye Albert Eynshteyn. Sezibalo odumileyo Hilbert wayefuna ukuyenza i umncedisi Unjingalwazi University of Gottingen, kodwa oonjingalwazi zengqondo abavumelekanga ukuba ukufumana i zikhundla Emmy. Noko ke, wayedla into emandiyenze. Ngowe-1919, yena wakwazi ukufumana indawo obungasifanelanga, yaye ngo-1922 waba uprofesa tenured. Kuye kwakha Noether kwicala algebra abstract. Emmy ababephila khumbula indlela emangalisayo umfazi onengqondo yaye uyathandeka. Incoko kunye wakhe iingcali, kuquka izazinzulu Russian kunye zezibalo phambili. Umsebenzi wakhe uye kunefuthe kwinzululwazi unanamhla.

uNikolay Lobachevsky

Okokuqala, oosonzululwazi kunye zemathematika kusoloko kufikelelwa loo impumelelo ukuba ixabiso yabo kakhulu kwinzululwazi mihla. Oku kuyinyaniso ukuba UNikolai Lobachevsky. Ukususela 1802 ukuya 1807 wafunda Izabelo uze ubhalise kwi-Kazan eyunivesithi, apho yayidume ulwazi engaqhelekanga of physics nemathematika, yaye ngowe-1811 wafumana kwinqanaba inkosi waza waqalisa ukulungiselela ukufumana isihloko ngunjingalwazi. Xa th 1826 wabhala umsebenzi kwimigaqo we geometry, leyo yaguqula iingqiqo indawo. Ngowe-1827 waba Umphathi eyunivesithi. Ukutyhubela iminyaka, wadala uthotho imisebenzi kwi ukuxhomekeka kolungiso physics kanye ukukhanda, indixhase ukufunda algebra kwelinye inqanaba. Ukongeza, iingcamango zakhe nempembelelo nokuba zobuciko Russian - imizila Lobachevskian sibonile imisebenzi Malevich kunye Khlebnikov.

Anri Puankare

Ngenkulungwane yokuqala amabini, izazinzulu ezininzi kunye zezibalo babesebenza ngobhalo kwezinto. Enye yezi zinto Anri Puankare. yimibono wakhe kugxekwa phezu ngamaxesha Soviet, ngoko izazinzulu Russian baye basebenzisa inkolelo yakhe kuphela imisebenzi ezikhethekileyo - ngaphandle kwabo kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba azibandakanye nzulu kwisifundo yezibalo, physics okanye ngeenkwenkwezi. Emva kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba kade, Anri Puankare yaqulunqa kwithiyori System Dynamics kunye yethopholoji efanayo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, umsebenzi wakhe waba isiseko isifundo leendawo bifurcation kunye nezibangelwa, iinkqubo yabantu kanye soqoqosho. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, i Poincare ngokwakhe wavuma iintsilelo yolwazi ziinzululwazi algorithm nkqu bazinikela incwadi bulumko. Ukongeza, wapapasha inqaku ekwakusetyenzwa kuqala yi-siseko ka - iminyaka elishumi ngaphambi kokuba Einstein.

Sofia Kovalevskaya

Ambalwa Russian abafazi izazinzulu kwinkalo yemathematika thaca ebalini. Sofia Kovalevskaya wazalwa ngoJanuwari 1850. Yena waye kwezezibalo nje kuphela, kodwa kananjalo yekhasi nenenekazi yokuqala, owaba ehambelana lilungu Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Oosonzululwazi kunye zezibalo bakhetha ngaphandle inkcaso. Ukususela 1869 wafunda eHeidelberg yaye ngo-1874 waqalisa th kuluntu lwezenzululwazi imisebenzi ezintathu, nto leyo ekhokelele kwiyunivesithi Göttingen wamnika isihloko Doctor of Philosophy. Noko ke, eRashiya ukuba akakwazanga ukufumana indawo eyunivesithi. Ngowe-1888, wabhala iphepha ujikeleziso umzimba eziqinileyo, kuba apho waphumelela Swedish Academy of Sciences. Kwakhona benza umsebenzi - oko umbhali yenoveli "kwakungekho" kunye umdlalo "Umgudu Ntsako", kwakunye umlando usapho "Iinkumbulo Childhood", ebhaliweyo malunga nobomi kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba emva kwexesha.

Evarist Galua

oosonzululwazi French kunye zezibalo wenza izinto ezifunyaniswe ezininzi ezibalulekileyo kummandla algebra kunye nejiyometri. Enye ochwepheshe waba Evarist Galua, owazalwa ngo-Oktobha ka-1811 kufuphi Paris. Ngenxa yamalungiselelo sabakhutheleyo wangena Lyceum of Louis Enkulu. Sele 1828, wapapasha incwadi yakhe yokuqala, egubungela isihloko amaqhekeza ngamaxesha kwaqhubeka. Ngowe-1830 engeniswa kwi-School Normal, kodwa unyaka kamva wagxothwa kakubi. Isazinzulu onesiphiwo waqalisa imisebenzi yakhe revolution kwaye ngo-1832 yaphela imihla yakhe. Ushiye izakuqulatha iziseko algebra mihla kunye nejiyometri, kwakunye ukuhlelwa siliphathe - le mfundiso ogama lakhe behlonipha Galois.

per Funa

Ezinye zezibalo ezibalaseleyo washiya uphawu ebalulekileyo, ukuba imisebenzi yabo zezifundo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. theorem lokugqibela Fermat iye kudala wahlala bokuba, unwele up ezingqondweni kakhulu. Kwaye oku nangona Pierre wasebenza ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe. Wazalwa ngo-Agasti 1601, kule unozakuzaku yorhwebo usapho. Ukongeza iinzululwazi ngqo, Farm wayesazi iilwimi - Latin, isiGrike, iSpanish, Italian, waye waduma-mbali enkulu endala. A msebenzi wenza waza wakhetha nomthetho. Ku Orleans, wafumana isidanga seBachelor, emva koko wafudukela Toulouse, apho waba umcebisi yePalamente. Kubo bonke ubomi bakhe, wabhala azibhala zemathematika, ezaba sisiseko geometry yohlalutyo. Kodwa yonke iminikelo eyenziwe ngazo yahlaziywa kuphela emva kokufa kwakhe - phambi kokuba nawuphi na umsebenzi khange ishicilelwe. Imisebenzi kakhulu abazinikele ukuxhomekeka kolungiso, indlela yokubala ndawo, aphezulu yaye iphantsi values, ezigoso kunye parabolas.

Karl GAUSS

Asingawo onke izazinzulu, zezibalo, yaye ifunyanwe ezingalibalekiyo gqitha kwimbali yoluntu, njengo GAUSS. Inkokeli German wazalwa ngo-Apreli 1777. Nditsho ebuntwaneni wabonakalisa italente yakhe emangalisayo kwimathematika, yaye ngenkulungwane yokuqala elinethoba yaba umphengululi elaziwayo kunye esihambelanayo ilungu zezifundiswa eziliqela of Sciences. I wadala umsebenzi obalulekileyo enikelwe kwithiyori amanani kunye algebra ephakamileyo. Igalelo engundoqo - ukuba umsebenzi lokwakha heptadecagon, olusekelwe phezu kwayo, Lo waqalisa ukuba algorithm ngenxa computing komzila umhlaba okubonwayo eziliqela. Umsebenzi fundamental "Le Theory of the kwisindululo imizimba yasezulwini" yaba sisiseko astronomi mihla. igama bakhe banikwa kummandla kwimephu yeNyanga.

Karl Weierstrass

Le yezibalo German wazalelwa Ostenfeld. Abafundileyo kwi-Faculty of komthetho, kodwa iminyaka yoqeqesho babekhetha ukufunda izibalo. Ngowe-1840 wabhala iphepha imisebenzi okweqanda. Kuye umkhondo yophando lwakhe yotshintsho olululo. imfundiso ngokungqongqo Weierstrass yaba sisiseko uhlalutyo zezibalo. Ukususela ngo 1842 Umsebenzi katitshala, kwaye ngexesha lakhe nanceba ukwenza uphando. Le 1854th lapapasha inqaku kwimisebenzi Abelian, waza wafumana itayitile Doctor weYunivesithi Kenigsberskogo. Izazinzulu eziphambili ziye zapapashwa ncomo Rave ngayo. Kwihlabathi ngo1856 m Ndabona esinye inqaku brilliant, ngoko ke Weierstrass bamkelwe unjingalwazi kwiYunivesithi eBerlin, waza wamenza ilungu le-Academy of Sciences. Umgangatho onomtsalane iintetho wamenza waduma ehlabathini lonke. Wasebenzisa imfundiso amanani yokwenene, kusonjululwa iingxaki ezininzi zobuchwepheshe kunye nejiyometri. Ngowe-1897, wafa kwiingxaki of influenza. Igama layo emva mngxuma kwenyanga kwaye mihla Berlin Mathematical Institute. Weierstrass usafuna eyaziwa ngokuba omnye wootitshala unesiphiwo kwimbali eJamani ehlabathini lonke.

Zhan Batist Fure

Igama sisazinzulu eyaziwa kakuhle kulo lonke ihlabathi. Fourier waba Unjingalwazi Paris Ecole Polytechnique. Ngemihla kukaNapoleon ke inxaxheba kumaphulo zomkhosi, yaye emva kokuba wamiselwa ngumphathi kwi Isere, apho lokubandakanyeka umbuso of physics - waqalisa ukufunda ubushushu. Ukususela 1816 waba lilungu le-Paris Academy of Sciences yaze yapapashwa umsebenzi wakhe. Kwanikezelwa kwithiyori okuhlalutya ubushushu. De kwasekufeni kwakhe ngoMeyi 1830 wayephaphashile kwakhona kwi conductivity thermal, ukubala esineengcambu quadratic-aljibra kunye neendlela Isaaka Nyutona. Ukongeza, waba indlela yokumela imisebenzi efana netrigonometri series. Ngoku kwakusazeka phantsi igama Fourier. Le Isazinzulu unako ukuphucula ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi ngendlela edibeneyo - le ndlela kwakhona Lusetyenziswa kakhulu kwinzululwazi mihla. Fourier akwazi ukungqina ukuba nawuphi na umgca engenasizathu angamelwa eliphindwe eyodwa ahlaziye. Ngowe-1823 Wasisusa umphumo thermoelectric wepropati superposition. Igama Zhana Batista Fourier lu dityanisiwe ezahlukeneyo beengcamango kunye yokuvela kubalulekile ukuba wonke bezibalo elisetyenziswayo lomqhubekisi phambili okanye physics.