Okusingqongoleyo - ukuba baqonde isigama ...

Okusingqongoleyo - yinto inzululwazi, edibanisa iindlela amayeza, ibhayoloji, pedagogy nangokwengqondo-ubuchule kuphuhliso umntwana. Nangona eli gama iphelelwe yaye ifumene ifomathi psychology umntwana, iindlela pedological jikelele ukutsala ingqalelo oosonzululwazi kuphela, kodwa kubantu ngaphandle lesayensi.

indaba

Imbali okusingqongoleyo iqala kwi-West kwi kwenkulungwane ye-19. ukuvela zaso negalelo kuphuhliso olumandla kwamasebe obusetyenziswayo pedagogy uvavanyo kwengqondo. Izayamaniso iindlela ezifanayo yokwakheka-nokomzimba kwaye eziphilayo kwenzeka paedology zoomatshini. Okunye ngqo, oko lilawulwe ngendlela entsonkothileyo ukufunda, olunzulu sophuhliso kwengqondo kwabantwana kunye nokuziphatha kwabo.

Igama elithi "okusingqongoleyo" yaziswa yi the American Scientist-umphandi Krismanom Oscar ngo-1853. Le nkcazelo Greek ngulo "inzululwazi abantwana" (Pedos - mntwana, iilogo - inzululwazi, ukufunda).

ziimbaxa

Imisebenzi yokuqala okusingqongoleyo zabhalwa American kwengqondo GS Hall, J .. Baldwin kunye komzimba W. Preyer. Bona bema imvelaphi ngengqondo yophuhliso babahlanganisa ivenkile enkulu data enokwehla kuphuhliso nokuziphatha kwabantwana. imisebenzi yabo revolution ngeendlela ezininzi yaye yakha isiseko komntwana psychology yophuhliso.

in Russia

Ngenkulungwane yama-20, a ngenzululwazi omtsha eyangena Russia (ngoko ke USSR) waza wafumana enye ofaneleyo kugqirha imisebenzi kunye Reflexology VM Spondylitis, kwengqondo AP Nechayev, komzimba E. Moymana pathologists kunye GI Rossolimo. Ngamnye kubo ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo baye bazama ukuchaza ukuqulunqa imithetho zophuhliso komntwana kunye neendlela wokulungiswa yayo.

Okusingqongoleyo eRashiya yazuza kwenkululeko practical: amaziko pedological yavulwa kwaye "Indlu waBantwana" (eMoscow), inani izifundo ezizodwa. Izikolo lwenziwe uvavanyo ngokwasengqondweni, iziphumo apho iiklasi kwezixhobo yenzekile. Uphononongo sengqondo yomntwana ezazixhunyaniswe iisayikholojisti phambili, physiologists, oogqirha kunye nootitshala eli lizwe. Konke oku kwenziwa ngenjongo uphando olubanzi uphuhliso komntwana. Noko ke, lo msebenzi elula akwenziwanga ngendlela hlamusela indlela.

Ngonyaka we-20 kule okusingqongoleyo Russian - le intshukumo enkulu yenzululwazi, kodwa kungekhona inzululwazi ezintsonkothileyo. Xihinga ephambili ukuba Yindibanisela ukwaziwa umntwana ukunqongophala uhlalutyo yokuqala iindlela inzululwazi, yenza lo ezintsonkothileyo.

iimpazamo

Impazamo iphambili pedologists Soviet kugqalwa underestimation ngendima yeemeko ilifa kuphuhliso lwabantwana kunye nempembelelo yazo ekubumbeni babantu lweemeko zentlalo. Xa practical aspect ukuba iimpazamo lwezenzululwazi ziquka upelo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwiimvavanyo zohlakanipho.

Kwi-30 zonke iziphene ziye ngokuthe ngcembe yalungiswa kwaye okusingqongoleyo Soviet ekuqaleni kwe ngendlela Ukuzithemba kunye nentsingiselo. Noko ke, ngo-1936 waba "pseudo-science", inkqubo ethile yezopolitiko. Yemifuniselo mbuso isongwe, lab pedological ivaliwe. Testing yeyona ndlela iphambili pedological, kwaba babuthathaka indlela yokufundisa. Ekubeni iziphumo ezininzi abantwana baphuma ukuba onesiphiwo ababingeleli, abamhlophe kunye koongqondo "elibolileyo", kunokuba sabasebenzi. Kwaye ke aluhambisani ideology party. Ngoko ukukhulisa abantwana babuyela iifom emveli, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni le nangenxa yokudodobala kwinkqubo yemfundo.

Imigaqo okusingqongoleyo

Development of okusingqongoleyo eRashiya yaba ezinye iziphumo, oko kwasekwa siseko yobunzululwazi esisiseko:

• Okusingqongoleyo - ulwazi ngokupheleleyo umntwana. Ukusuka kwesi sikhundla, loo nto ithathwa nje "ngeziqingatha ezilingeneyo", kwaye ngokubanzi, ngelo xesha elinye ekudalweni eziphilayo, ezentlalo, ngokwasengqondweni, njl Zonke iinkalo zokufunda bakhe ziyadlelana edibene namanye. Kodwa ayikho nje inqwaba data kunye nokuhlanganiswa iinkqubo ezichanekileyo theoretical kunye neendlela.
• Enye nal yaba pedologists umgaqo yemfuza. Oku ngenkuthalo bafunda kwengqondo LS Vygotsky. Kulo mzekelo intetho loya yomntwana ( "isandi thabatha intetho"), wangqina ukuba sophomoric okanye "bedumzela phantsi umoya wakhe," linqanam lokuqala intetho okanye iingcinga zabantu lwangaphakathi. Umgaqo Genetic kubonisa ukuxhaphaka isenzeko.
• Umgaqo sesithathu - isifundo yobuntwana - ukungqina ukuba imeko yentlalo kunye nobomi nefuthe kakhulu uphuhliso nangokwasengqondweni umntwana anthropomorphic. Ngoko ke, ukungahoywa okanye ukuqina kwemfundo, ukungondleki kuchaphazela impilo yengqondo kunye nokomzimba bomntwana.
• Umgaqo lwesine ukubaluleka eyenziwayo okusingqongoleyo - inguqu kwihlabathi womntwana yokufunda ukuyitshintsha. Kule uqhagamshelo yayiyilwe thethwano pedological, iingxoxo nabazali, uxilongo nangokwasengqondweni abantwana.

Okusingqongoleyo - isayensi, ngoko imigaqo yalo isekelwe lihlolisisa lo mntwana. Ngezengqondo okusingqongoleyo elide ichongiwe-nye, imveliso yesibini yekota yokuqala. Ngoko ke, ku lawula okusingqongoleyo usaqhubeka ekhonza isici nasengqondweni.

Ekubeni 50 ingcamango ngokungaphelelanga okusingqongoleyo baqalisa ukubuyela pedagogy kwengqondo. Neminyaka engama-20 kamva waqalisa umsebenzi esebenzayo wokufundisa usebenzisa uvavanyo phezu ekukhuliseni abantwana.