Nobel Prize e Chemistry. Nobel Prize Chemistry

Nobel Prize e Chemistry sele inikezelwe ukususela 1901. winner yawo yokuqala uYakobi van't Hoff. Le Isazinzulu ufumene ibhaso ngenxa imithetho kuxinzelelo nemichiza dynamics osmotic, sivule. Kakade ke, bonke abaphumeleleyo ayikwazi uzakuxelelwa isihloko olulodwa. Siza kuthetha edumileyo, kwakunye abo lawongwa ngebhaso Nobel chemistry kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo.

Ernest Rutherford

Enye ekhemisi idumileyo Ernest Rutherford. Nobel Prize nanako 1908 ukulungiselela isifundo eziqalelo wokudilika izinto radioactive. Iminyaka yobomi yayo sisazinzulu - 1871-1937. Le yemichiza IsiNgesi physics, owazalwa eNew Zealand. Ngenxa yempumelelo yayo ngexesha loqeqesho e Nelson College, wafumana inkxaso-mali yokufunda ukuze wamvumela ukuba aye Christchurch, New Zealand City, apho Canterbury College. Ngowe-1894, uRutherford waba BSc. Emva kwexesha elithile, ISAZINZULU wawongwa imali kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge ngubani na eNgilani bafudukela kweli lizwe.

Ngowe-1898, uRutherford waqalisa ukwenza imifuniselo ebalulekileyo ebandakanya radiation uranium eqhumayo. Emva kwexesha elithile, bona ababini lohlobo wakhe bafumanisa: rays alpha ray beta. I ingangena yokuqala umgama encinane kuphela, kwaye eyesibini - ukuya omkhulu kakhulu. Emva kwethutyana, uRutherford wafumanisa ukuba thorium okhupha imveliso ekhethekileyo radioactive sukube. Wabiza le meko i "emanation" (amadlozi).

Uphando olutsha lubonisa ukuba actinium kunye Radium emanation nazo zenziwa. URutherford ngokusekelwe ezifunyaniswe kwaba izigqibo ezibalulekileyo. Ufumanise ukuba alpha beta imitha ayikhuphi zonke izinto radioactive. Ngaphezu koko, imisebe yabo kunciphisa emva kwexesha elithile. Ngokusekelwe kwezi ziphumo ukuba kungenzeka ukwenza ingcamango ebalulekileyo. Zonke izinto radioactive eyaziwa inzululwazi ezifana waqukumbela sisazinzulu, yinxalenye yentsapho omnye athom, kwaye ukuhla radioactivity zikwazi ukuthathwa njengesiseko yokuhlelwa kwazo.

UMariya Kyuri (Curie)

Umfazi wokuqala wawongwa ngeMbasa kaNobel chemistry, waba uMariya Kyuri. Kubalulekile ukuba isiganeko inzululwazi kwenzeka ngo-1911. Nobel Prize e Chemistry yanikezelwa kuye ngenxa lokufunyanwa ಪೇನ್ ipheyini kunye Radium Ukuqhela Radium kunye nofundo lokuba unxulumano nohlobo element lokugqibela. UMaria wazalwa ePoland, ixesha kamva wafudukela eFransi. Iminyaka yobomi bakhe - 1867-1934. Curie waba owazuza Prize, hayi kuphela chemistry kodwa physics (1903, ngokudibeneyo kunye Pierre Curie kunye Anri Bekkerelem).

Marii Kyuri kwafuneka ukuba ayamkele into yokuba amabhinqa ngexesha wakhe phantse yavalwa umendo kwinzululwazi. KwiYunivesithi Warsaw akazange bababambe. Ukongeza, intsapho Curie yayingamahlwempu. Noko ke, uMariya wakwazi ukufumana imfundo ephakamileyo e Paris.

yempumelelo Marii Kyuri

Anri Bekkerel wafumanisa ngo-1896 ukuba iikhompawundi uranium kukhutshwe imitha elikwaziyo zingene nzulu. Imitha Becquerel, ngokungafaniyo evulekileyo V. Roentgen kunyaka 1895, kwakukho ngenxa excitation esithile wangaphandle. Yaba Uranium lwangaphakathi. UMariya nomdla kulo mba. Ekuqaleni kuka-1898 waqalisa ukufunda kuyo. Le Umphandi wazama ukufumanisa ukuba ingaba zikhona ezinye izinto ukuba bayakwazi kukhutshwe ezi imitha. NgoDisemba 1898, Pierre and uMariya Kyuri ndafumanisa izinto ezimbini ezintsha. Baye ngokuba Radium kunye ಪೇನ್ ipheyini (emva Marie kwiphandle Poland). Oku kwalandelwa umsebenzi ngokuzimeleyo ukufunda iipropati zabo. Ngowe-1910, kunye ne-André Marie Debirnom ezichongiweyo ebuntsimbi Radium ngohlobo yayo enyulu. Ngoko ke yagqitywa kwiminyaka eli-12 eyadlulayo baqalisa uthotho zophando.

Laynus Karl Poling

Lo mntu ngomnye le yaziwa kakhulu. Nobel Prize nanako 1954 ukulungiselela isifundo yohlobo iqhina kwemichiza, ngokunjalo isicelo yayo ukumisela ubume imichiza.

iminyaka yobomi Pauling bakhe - 1901-1994. Wazalwa eUnited States, Oregon (Portland). Njengoko umphandi Pauling sele efunde elide crystallography X-ray. Wayezibuza ukuba kudlula imitha ngenxa yikristale, kwaye kukho oluthile. Kweli nani ngayo nga ukufumanisa isakhiwo atom ukwimo. Esebenzisa le ndlela, oosonzululwazi bafunda uhlobo izibopho benzene kunye nezinye iikhompawundi enuka kamnandi.

Ngowe-1928 godu Pauling wadala hybridization theory (livakale) nisondelelane yemichiza okwenzeka iikhompawundi enuka kamnandi. Ngowe-1934, enye ingcali yenzululwazi waphethulela ingqalelo yakhe ezinto ingakumbi ngamachiza protein. Kunye ne Alexander Mirsky wadala ngobhalo umsebenzi kunye ziiprotein isakhiwo. Kunye ne Ch Corwell olu nzulu wafunda imiphumo oxygen Ukwanda (oxygenation) kwiimpawu kazibuthe yihemoglobin. Ngowe-1942, lo umphandi wakwazi ukutshintsha isakhiwo eekhemikhali globulin (iiproteni egazini). Ngowe-1951 godu Pauling kunye R. Corey epapashwe umsebenzi eyahlulelwe ukuba isakhiwo molecule kweziyi. Yeyona ngenxa yomsebenzi, eyathatha iminyaka eli-14. Ukusebenzisa X-ray crystallography ukufunda iiproteni izihlunu, iinwele, iinwele, iinzipho kunye nezinye zomzimba, izazinzulu wenza ubhaqo ebalulekileyo. Bafumanisa ukuba amatyathanga nezo asidi acid aphothwe waziva. Yaba advance enkulu ngamachiza ezinto eziphilayo.

S. Hinshelwood and bake

Mhlawumbi ufuna ukwazi ukuba kukho Nobel Prize Russian Chemistry. Nangona abanye babantu bakuthi sele ikhethiwe eli bhaso bake kuphela, ndiyifumene. Kunye ne Hinshelwood yena lawongwa ngebhaso ngenxa isifundo indlela abasabela kwemichiza ngo-1956.

Hinshelwood - Isazinzulu yaseBritani (iminyaka yobomi - 1897-1967). Imisebenzi engundoqo yakhe ziye ezinxulumene nezifundo reactions chain. Yena zahlola kulingwa bomzi, kwakunye indlela abasabela ngayo kolu hlobo.

Bake UNikolai Nikolaevich (iminyaka yobomi - 1896-1986) - semichiza Russian physics ekuqaleni ukusuka kwisixeko Saratov. Ingxaki yenzululwazi yokuqala alithandayo, yaba iigesi insimbi. Le Isazinzulu, zisekhona umfundi eyunivesithi, wabhala inqaku lokuqala malunga phakathi kwezigaba molecule electron. Emva kwethutyana waqalisa ukufunda nzulu iinkqubo recombination kunye dissociation. Ngaphezu koko, waba nomdla iinkalo amafu lwalusanda kunye adsorption ekhasa ezenzeka kwindawo eqinileyo. Ukuhlola okwenziwa kubo lula ukufumana ubudlelwane phakathi iqondo lobushushu kwi apho amafu kuliwa, kwaye lexinene zomphunga. Ngowe-1934, i-nzulu ipapashe iphepha apho wabonisa ukuba abantu basabele ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka polymerization, uqhubeke isixhobo okanye reactions chain branched.

URobert Burns Woodward

Zonke Abaphumelele Nobel Prize chemistry baye benza igalelo elikhulu kakhulu kwinzululwazi, kodwa R. Woodward ime phakathi kwabo. ibaluleke kakhulu impumelelo Bakhe namhlanje. Eli Isazinzulu lawongwa ngebhaso yeNobel ngo-1965. Wawathabatha ngegalelo lakhe kwinkalo organic yokuqaphela. Iminyaka yobomi uRobert - 1917-1979. Wazalwa kwi-US, kwi-US kwisixeko Boston, elise Massachusetts.

Eyona mpumelelo yokuqala entsimini zemichiza Woodward abazenzayo ngexesha Second World War, xa i "Polaroid Corporation" inkampani Umcebisi. Ngenxa yemfazwe yayingeyiyo umkhwinini ngokwaneleyo. Le nechiza elichasene nemalariya nayo kusetyenziswa ilensi ukwenziwa. Woodward and W. Doering, umlingane wakhe, ukuba izinto ezifumaneka lula kunye nezixhobo standard sele emva kweenyanga ezili-14 zomsebenzi babesenza Yindibanisela umkhwinini.

Emva kweminyaka emi-3, kunye Schramm, le Scientist udale i analogu protein ngokujoyina kwikhonkco elide leeyunithi acid acid. Le polypeptides afunyenwe ngenxa yoku, ziye zasetyenziswa xa kusenziwa elwa iiplastiki zokwenziwa. Ukongeza, ngoncedo lwabo, kwaye kwaqalisa ukuba kufundwa protein ukutya. Woodward ngo-1951 waqalisa ukusebenza ngomhla Yindibanisela steroid. Phakathi zithako ifunyenwe baba lanosterol, ngokuba yiklorofili, reserpine, lysergic acid, vitamin B12, colchicine, prostaglandin F2a. Kamva, abaninzi khompawundi ezilungiselelwe nguye kunye namalungu Institute "Ciba Corporation", ogama umlawuli ke, waqala kusetyenziswa kolu shishino. Nefalosporin C wayengomnye leyo ebaluleke kakhulu. An zintsholongwane ezifana penicillin, esetyenziswa nxamnye ezibangelwa amagciwane.

uluhlu lwethu amagama wenzululwazi, wawongwa kuyo kwinkulungwane yama-21, i-Nobel Prize chemistry kuya kufuneka zincediswe, kule minyaka ilishumi yesibini.

A. Suzuki, Negishi E., R. Yingxaki enjali le

Aba baphandi zanikwa kuphuhliso iindlela ezintsha interconnecting ezi athom carbon ukwakha iimolekyuli ezintsonkothileyo. Bona bawongwa ngeMbasa kaNobel Chemistry ngo-2010. Yingxaki enjali le, kunye Negishi - amaMelika, kunye Akira Suzuki - ngummi Japan. Injongo wabo ekudalweni iimolekyuli ezintsonkothileyo. Kwisikolo sifunda ukuba oganikhi khompawundi iqanjwa athom carbon eyenza amathambo kwemolekyuli. Kuba izazinzulu ixesha ingxaki elide kukuba athom carbon kunzima ukudibanisa kunye nezinye atom. akhawunti yempela, ezenziwe palladium, wakwazi ukuba ukusombulula le ngxaki. Phantsi yintshukumo kuvala athom carbon steel ukusebenzisana nabanye ukwenza izakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo organic. Ezi nkqubo zezifundo yaye Nobel Chemistry Prize kulo nyaka. Phantse ngaxeshanye, basabela kuthwalelwa phandle, ogama imbeko izazinzulu.

R. Lefkowitz, M. Karplus, B. Kobilka

Lefkowitz (eliboniswe apha ngasentla), Kobilka kunye Karplus - yiloo ophumelele ibhaso le-Nobel Chemistry ngo-2012. Le mbasa waya izazinzulu ezintathu isifundo we G-protein receptors okuhambelana luhlangene. Robert Lefkowitz - ummi US owazalwa Aprili 15, 1943 Iqela loqobo umsebenzi wakhe phando bioreceptors ozinikeleyo uguqule imiyalezo yabo. Lefkowitz iimpawu ezisebenzayo ichazwe ngokwenkcukacha, isakhiwo kunye nolandelelwano receptors β-adrenergic kunye neeproteni zolawulo uhlobo 2: β-arrestin kunye GRK-kinase. Le sisazinzulu ngo-1980 kunye nabasebenza ngaphandle ezinezakhi sofuzo for ukusebenza β-adrenergic receptor.

B. Kobilka - livela eUnited States. Wazalwa kwisixeko Little Falls (Minnesota). Emva kokuphumelela wasebenza phantsi kweliso ngumphandi Lefkowitz.

Nobel Prize e Chemistry 2012 yanikezelwa M. Karplus. Wazalwa eVienna ngo 1930. kwafika Karplus kwintsapho yamaYuda, ngubani kwafuneka ukuba bafudukele i US ukuphuma atshutshiswe amaNazi. Eyona ndawo iphambili ye zophando nzulu waba spectroscopy yenyukliya ngemagnethi, chemistry quantum kunye kinetics zeenkqubo imichiza.

M. Karplus, M. Levitt, A. Uorshel

Ngoku makhe ukuba Laureates ka-2013 Prize. Izazinzulu Karplus (iboniswe ngezantsi), Uorshel Levitt kuyirhola emva imodeli kweenkqubo imichiza entsonkothileyo.

M. Levitt wazalwa eMzantsi Afrika ngo-1947. Xa wayeneminyaka engama-16 ubudala, intsapho kaMichael bafudukela UK. E London, wabhalisa 1967 at the Royal College waza waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge. nomsebenzi wakhe Laboratory Ezinto Biology weDyunivesithi enxulumene ngokudalwa imifuziselo kwezakhiwo-ntathu of tRNA. UMikayeli lelinye wabaseki iindlela yokubumba computer kwaye ukufunda izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo iimolekyuli protini (ubukhulu iiprothini).

Nobel Prize e Chemistry 2013 yanikezelwa Ari naye Uorshelu. Wazalwa ePalestina ngo-1940. Ngowe-1958-62 gg. wakhonza isikhundla ikapteni IDF, waza waqalisa ukufunda eJerusalem Institute. Ngowe-1970-72 gg. wasebenza apho unjingalwazi umhlobo Weizmann Institute, yaye ngo-1991 waba uprofesa eziphilayo kunye chemistry Southern California. Uorshell ingqalelo omnye wabaseki enzymology azo - icandelo eziphilayo. Uye wafunda isakhiwo kunye neendlela zokuphosa samanyathelo, kunye nesakhiwo kwemolekyuli enzyme.

Kjell S., E. and W. Eric Betzig Merner

Nobel Prize e Chemistry 2014 yanikwa Merner, uEric Betzig kunye Helle. Ezi izazinzulu ziye udale iindlela ezintsha microscopy ngaphaya izakhono eziqhelekileyo kuthi ngemicroscope ukukhanya. iziphumo zabo ukuvumela ukuba siqwalasele indlela iimolekyuli ngaphakathi kwiiseli eziphilayo. Ngokomzekelo, xa ezi ndlela kusenokwenzeka ukuba iliso ukuziphatha iiproteni inoxanduva kukuvela Parkinson kunye sokulibala. Okwangoku, uphando kwezi izazinzulu baya kusetyenziswa kwisayensi kunye namayeza.

Kjell wazalwa ngo-1962 eRomania. Yena ngummi Germany namhlanje. Erik Bettsig wazalwa ngo-1960 e-Michigan. Uilyam Merner wazalwa ngo-1953 e-California.

Elabafileyo ukususela 1990 babesebenza STED-microscopy kwi wokunciphisa kulogo ndidandathekile. I-laser yokuqala sichulumancile kuyo kuze ukukhanya ezijiko-jiko, ukubonwa yi kwisamkeli. Enye laser kusetyenziswa ukwenzela ukuphucula ukusonjululwa device. Merner and Eric Betzig, Helle oogxa, esebenzisa ngokuzimeleyo olwabo uphando, wazibeka iziseko olunye uhlobo microscopy. Sithetha malunga microscopy single-mpilo.

T. Lindahl, P. Modric ne Aziz Sanjar

Nobel Prize e Chemistry 2015 iye yanikezelwa Swede Lindahl, American Modric kunye Turk Sanjar. Izazinzulu hlanganyela umvuzo phakathi kwabo, ngokuzimeleyo chaza uze uchaze indlela apho iiseli "nokulungisa" DNA biyela umonakalo ulwazi yemfuza. Nantso into wawongwa ngeMbasa kaNobel Chemistry ngo-2015.

Uluntu yezenzululwazi egqwesileyo 1960, wayeqinisekile ukuba ezi molekyuli eqinile kakhulu Nobomi ihleli zilolo hlobo zazilulo. Ekuqhubeni uphando sakhe Karolinska Institute, wawuquka Lindahl (wazalwa ngo-1938) lubonise ukuba neziphene ezahlukeneyo inokuqokelelana DNA. Oku kuthetha ukuba kufuneka kubekho iindlela ngendalo apho i "ukulungisa" ezo molekyuli DNA. Lindahl ngo-1974 wafumana enzyme leyo ephelisa cytosine eyonakeleyo kubo. Xa umphengululi 1980-90s, ngubani beqhutywa ngexesha i UK wabonisa indlela glycosylases. Eli qela olulodwa enqanda ukuphumeza umsebenzi inyathelo lokuqala ukulungisa DNA. Scientific bakwazi ukubhala ngokutsha elabhoratri inkqubo (njalo-ebizwa ngokuba "Ukusikwa yokulungisa").

Kufaneleke ingqalelo, kunye nezinye Prize e Chemistry 2015 Nobel Prize. Aziz Sanjar wazalwa ngo-1946 e-Turkey. Wafumana iziqu zakhe zonyango e Istanbul, koko wasebenza iminyaka eliqela oogqirha zasemaphandleni. Noko ke, ngo-1973, Aziz waba nomdla ngamachiza ezinto eziphilayo. Le Isazinzulu wamangaliswa ukuba iintsholongwane emva kokufumana nedosi ye-ultraviolet radiation; ezibulalayo kubo, ngokukhawuleza buyisela ngamandla abo, ukuba kwenziwe zokukhanya kuluhlu oluhlaza kuluhlu ebonakalayo. Sele elabhoratri Texas Sanjar lichonge kwaye enguzenzele sofuzo lwe enzyme, nenoxanduva lokuphelisa umonakalo evela yiultraviolet (photolyase). Le ndawo ngo-1970, akazange abangele nomdla kwiiyunivesithi of America, kwaye nzulu waya Yale. Kwaba apha wachaza i "ukulungisa" yesibini inkqubo iiseli emva kokuba sebesazi kweultraviolet light.

Pol Modrich (owazalwa 1946) wazalwa eUnited States (New Mexico). Wafumana indlela apho inkqubo kwisahlulo iseli ukulungisa iimpazamo ezibonakala ku- DNA kwinkqubo ngokucandeka.

Ngoko, kakade ngubani ophumelele iBhaso Nobel Chemistry ngo-2015. Sinako kazi kuphela abaya bazukiswa le mbasa kwi ezayo, ngo-2016. Ngethemba, kwixesha elizayo kufuphi ikheswa neenzululwazi Russian, apho kuya kubakho elitsha Nobel Chemistry Prize of Russia.