Njengoko isoprene yerabha zokwenziwa

Kukho ezininzi yerabha ezikhethekileyo zendalo, kwaye enye yeetoni uthathwa zerabha isoprene. Industry velisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo iindidi zemveliso kunye neempawu ezahlukeneyo, kunye nezimvo ehlanganisa ezithe isicelo - lithium, enzima, nezinto ezinjengezo.

Njani irabha

It is a isoprene yerabha zokwenziwa, stereoregulyaren oko balamkele ngokusebenzisa polymerization of isoprene, ebekwe medium of an ibinyityilikiswa egalelwe kunye kuvala ezintsonkothileyo. Oku kwenziwa, umzekelo, Ski-3. Polymerization of isoprene kwi isisombululo kufuneka ngokuqhubekayo, ngenxa yale njongo kukho iibhetri ezine - polymerizers zithandathu lwehle anetyuwa.

Le monomer kwi mxube becala elinambini - elinesihlanu ekhulwini, ngoko ukuguquka kuya kuba phezulu njengoko alithoba anesihlanu ekhulwini, nesokugqibela iiyure ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu lobushushu ukusuka kwiqanda ukuya izinyuko ezilishumi Celsius. Ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuba bafumane isoprene yerabha ephakamileyo, kufuneka ntumbuluko wezenzi ezisetyenziswe kule polymerization, ngezinga eliphezulu.

Uzinzo kunye Ukuqwayita

Ukukhusela Polymer evela igcwala, kuyimfuneko ukuba izinzise umxube esebenzisa neozona phenylenediamine nekufuneka wangena Polymer njengento sisombululo zolwelo okanye ukumiswa. Angamvaleli isoprene rubber ukusuka Polymer nje mixture, lo Polymer kufuneka oxutywe ngomphunga kunye namanzi uze kungenisa nezongezelelo ethintela agglomeration (clumping). Emva oku kuyimfuneko ukuqhuba le sijike. Ngoku ke kufuneka ukuba aphumeze iinkqubo yokubulala kwiimvuthuluka ingohlulwa emanzini futhi omisa ngayo umatshini hobbing kunye yokomisa bhanti. Ekupheleni kwale nkqubo ukufumana isoprene yerabha libe nokuthathelwa ingqalelo njengoko zigqityiwe.

Ngoku sinawo kwizityalo briquetting oluzenzekelayo phantsi koxinzelelo. Brand ski-3 - zokwenziwa isoprene irabha, evela kwibhloko wayedla amathathu nganye. Le preform lisongelwe polyethylene film baze bafakwe kwingxowa iphepha-umaleko ezine. Lo mboniso Bhanya kusingathwa kakhulu elungileyo ngaxeshanye imixholo, nto leyo irabha isoprene, iimpawu zayo nokuxuba ngokupheleleyo lobushushu ivumela polyethylene uThambise kwaye asiyixubi konke isambuku kwi lokuxhuba.

isakhiwo

irabha nganye ekhoyo ngokorhwebo, uye uphawu bayo khethekileyo kule propati eziphilayo. Kwezinye rubbers amandla elungileyo ngomatshini, ngoxa abanye - ukumelana iikhemikhali kunye isithintelo igesi iimpawu, nowesithathu Akukho koyika utshintsho kwamaqondo obushushu, njalo njalo. Iimpawu rubbers ngamnye zokwenziwa ophezulu zendalo ngeendlela ezininzi kwaye amaxesha amaninzi. Kuphela luthambe iirubber yendalo okwangoku Ugqwesile, kwaye lo mhlaba ibaluleke kakhulu iimveliso ezifana moya okanye emoto.

Ngexesha ukusebenza, zazinjalo i uhlobo elikhulu - kwaye njengotsaleko ucinezelo, nto leyo ebangela aphakathi ukukhuhlana, ubushushu kunye nelahleko ezisemgangathweni. Oko kukuthi, kungona luthambe le ngerabha, ayasiqinisekisa ukuba imveliso. Kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba irabha yendalo akakafiki bengene manqaku, kwaye isetyenziswe ukuvelisa lwamavili kunye enzima-umsebenzi-moya-high speed kunye neemoto. irabha Natural - Polymer isoprene, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba umsebenzi omkhulu kangaka izazinzulu zokusebenza ukuze ube analogu le isoprene yerabha yendalo.

ifomula

Resources yemveliso irabha yendalo linqongophele kakhulu. Eqhelekileyo eziveliswa ngerabha semvelo ifomula C ₅ H _8, njengoko kanti, kuba twatse ngokupheleleyo formula ngemolekyula of isoprene yenziweyo ngokushushubeza le ngerabha, xa kweemveliso yokubola yayo. Umngeni kukufumana indlela zentengo. A rubber isoprene afunyenwe abasabela polymerization, yaye nantsi kubalulekile ukuba kukwakha ngexesha basabela. Polymerization kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba: kha ₂ = C (CH ₃₎ - CH = CH ₂ ----> (-CH ₂ - C (CH ₃₎ = CH - CH ₂₎ n.

Indlela ethembisayo nangoku inkqubo dehydrogenation ekujonganeni ye isopentane, nto leyo ekhululwa a iigesi petroleum. I ukuqala ezibonakalayo ukuze ukulungiselela isoprene ingabhekiswa pentane: CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH _3, ngenxa yokuba kunye ukushushubeza kunye ehlanganisa ukuba nalo atshintshelwe isopentane. Kukho indlela polymerization apho indlela ukuvelisa isoprene yerabha yakhiwe ukuze irabha ifunyenwe, efana kakhulu isakhiwo qobo, kwaye ke ukuba iimpawu ezifanayo obalaseleyo.

isoprene

Isoprene ke ezizizembiwa unsaturated besive oluthi diene. It is a ulwelo enemibala aziphethe ngayo. A nevumba olwahluke kakhulu. Isoprene irabha - monomer yendalo njengoko abanye iimolekyuli zayo wangena ezinye iikhompawundi ezininzi zendalo - isoprenoids, terpenoids kunye like. Le izinyibilikisi awonayo organic. Nge ethanol, umzekelo, inokuba imigqakhwe nayiphi ratio. Kodwa lamanzi iyachithakala kakuhle.

Kodwa lula enza iyunithi noshowo isoprene rubber ngu polymerization, ngenxa apho wafumana isoprene irabha kunye gutta percha. Isoprene nabo ukungena basabela ezahlukeneyo copolymerization. Kushishino, oko buyafuneka, ekubeni kwenzeka nge rubbers yokuqaphela, amalungiselelo ezonyango kunye nezinye izinto odoriferous. Kwilizwe lethu, imveliso zokwenziwa isoprene yerabha uphuhlisa ixesha elide, kwaye malunga namashumi amabini anesine eepesenti yemveliso yehlabathi.

indaba

Imvelaphi isoprene Kwafunyanwa 1860 godu pyrolysis iirubber zendalo. pyrolysis - ke thermal (amaqondo obushushu aphezulu), ukwandiswa iikhompawundi ezininzi ezingaphiliyo organic kwiimeko ioksijini intswelo. Kamva lwasungulwa isibane isoprene - zombane, kunye coil eshushu, apho thermally ibolile kwiilebhu oyile turpentine.

IMfazwe Yehlabathi II wazisa imfuneko enkulu isoprene rubbers, isoprene yaye ke ngoko bafunda ukwenza ngendlela engazange loshishino pyrolysis limonene. Sekunjalo, isoprene lwaluduru imveliso mass iirubber zokwenziwa. Le meko xa wafumana indlela yokuvelisa kwi-oyile. Emva koko saqala ukwanda iteknoloji ukuze polymerization isoprene.

Indima kuqoqosho

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kucwangciso ukuveliswa imveliso ezifana isoprene irabha, - ukhetho olufanelekileyo indawo, kuba kuyimfuneko ukuba ahlangule iqhezu _{esekungcoleni C-5} ukuya kwindawo iinkampani ezininzi ukuziphatha Silwa. Ukubaluleka lesibini eliphezulu - ukugcina kwizicwangciso kwindawo ri le ezizizembiwa lisaseleyo ukusuka C ₅ amaqhekeza.

Yi ekupheleni koo Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, Western Yurophu wavelisa malunga asibhozo anesihlanu amawaka iitoni _diene-5, apho iitoni mane anesine lamawaka uye dimerized cyclopentadiene amabini amawaka amathathu iitoni - isoprene. Abanye - malunga neshumi elinesihlanu lamawaka iitoni - zaba piperylenes. kweminyaka elishumi kamva, umthamo yehlabathi kwimveliso isoprene landile ukuya elinamanci asibhozo anamashumi amahlanu amawaka eetoni ngonyaka ngamnye.

izakhiwo

Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, isoprene, njengoko kuthiwe - yinto aziphethe ulwelo, enemibala, emanzini phantse ezingenakunyibilika, kodwa oxutywe na umlinganiselo nge ethyl utywala, benchmark, benzene, acetone. Isoprene iyakwazi yokutshata imixube azeotropic kunye uluhlu organic izinyibilikisi ezahlukeneyo. Xa kuqwalaselwa izifundo spectroscopic data kuyabonakala ukuba izidanga nokuba mahlanu Celsius inkoliso iimolekyuli isoprene kuthatha ezinzileyo s-kwelentshona ye-Ukumila, elinesihlanu ekhulwini kuphela ezo molekyuli abhalwe s-kaKishe Ukumila. Va elilingana umahluko lukagesi 6.3 kJ ezi States.

Le propati yamachiza isoprene njenge diene udibaniso eqhelekileyo Asikokungena reactions endaweni, Ukongeza, chelation, cyclization telomerization. Indlela ezisebenzayo kunye electrophiles kunye dienophiles.

isicelo

Isambuku isoprene, evela ngalo mzuzu, lisetyenziswa Yindibanisela isoprene irabha, efanayo isakhiwo neempawu irabha zendalo. Oku kusetyenziswa kakhulu kakuhle ukuba imveliso lwamavili. imveliso Okuninzi zikhona ezinye polymerization isoprene - polyisoprene esebenzisa kakhulu ngaphantsi, ekubeni liye iimpawu gutta-percha. Ukusuka kuyo zenziwe, umzekelo, ubushushu ezintambo neebhola yegolufa. irabha Isoprene isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa zonke iindidi zemveliso ngerabha, apho indibanisela rubbers zendalo kunye nezinye zokwenziwa.

Umzekelo, ukuba ukunciphisa stickiness wongezelela rubbers methylstyrene-butadiene, ngaphandle oluphuculweyo ukudinwa unyamezelo, ukuba deformation ezininzi. Nitrites ezidityaniswe uxhathiso ozone kunye nokumelana ukufudumeza ukwaluphala. Ngenxa yoko, ukugcina iseti iipropati zobugcisa rubbers isoprene kuzibonakalisa ngokugqibeleleyo xa usebenzisa amabhanti okuhambisa, okanye ithumbu ofunxayo kunye lijonge imiphini umatshini, ekwenziweni zezihlangu, unyango kunye nezinye iimveliso.

Iingozi Environmental

Isoprene ngokulula uqhuma kwaye avuse. Kungomlinganiselo eliphezulu emzimbeni kungakhokelela ekukhubazekeni nokufa. Oku ikakhulu eyenzeka kwi Ukwanda esesibhakabhakeni, ngoko ke uya nethe kwenkqubo nokuphefumla xa isoprene is kuguquka epoxides kunye diols.

yoxinaniso High kuthathwa milligrams mane ngemeta - lo umda idosi. Small lamanani isoprene emoyeni kunokuba umntu isiphumo ezidakumbisayo, kubangele ubuhlungu yamehlo, isikhumba, iphecana yokuphefumla kunye ngenwebu yangaphakathi.

eziphilayo

oosonzululwazi baye bafumanisa ukuba umphunga isoprene ekhutshelwa kwi-atmosfera phantse kuzo zonke izityalo. Le isoprene volume phytogenic jikelele ivavanywa malunga ^_(180-450). Disemba ¹⁰ iigrem carbon ngonyaka ngamnye. Le nkqubo kwandiswa ukuba ubushushu umoya seliza ezingamashumi amathathu degrees Celsius, kwaye ukuba ngaba ngamandla aphezulu radiation elanga ngelixa photosynthesis Igcwele ngokupheleleyo. Isoprene biosynthesis fosmidomycin ezi Webhsayithi kunye nonxibelelwano eziliqela statins. Kutheni izityalo ukwenza oku - akukaqondwa kakuhle. Mhlawumbi isoprene kubanikela uzinzo kratya nobushushu. Ukongeza, kuba ezinkulu umgangi kungakwenza ukukhusela izityalo nxamnye iintlobo ioksijini esebenzayo, kunye exposure ozone.

Kwakhona, izazinzulu ziye zacebisa ukuba njini isoprene lusenza rhoqo bachithe NADPH kunye ATP molecule baba izityalo ngexesha photosynthesis. Ngenxa yoko, ukuvezwa isoprene likhusela ngokuchaseneyo umonakalo photooxidative kunye perevosstanovleniya ukuba ukhanyiso ngokugqithiseleyo. Engxakini kule ndlela ukuziphendulela ibe carbon, apho iveliswa nzima hlobo inkqubo photosynthesis, ilahleka ngokwabiwa isoprene. On izityalo, izazinzulu aziziphelisanga kwaye wafumanisa ukuba umzimba womntu unako ukuvelisa hydrocarbon diene, isoprene, kwaye phakathi kwabo common kakhulu.