Ngubani wakha Cathedral le Annunciation. Annunciation Cathedral of the yesicelo: inkcazo

Imbali elide karhulumente Russian kubonakaliswe amangcwaba ubugcisa, ukwakha kunye noncwadi. Ikomkhulu eli lizwe - Moscow neziko layo - incwadi yesicelo, ethi namhla ibekho kuphela isihlalo sikarhulumente kunye nomongameli, kodwa kananjalo imyuziyam ebonisa zonke milestones lokuba unamandla amakhulu. Ekhethekileyo in ngezakhiwo kunye nembali iingxaki uxelele iindwendwe ezininzi izinto ezinomdla. isakhiwo nganye inxalenye yayo zamaxesha ethu adlulileyo; iinqaba, izikwere, imiyezo, amabandla Moscow yesicelo. Cathedral le Annunciation bobabo kwizakhiwo ezininzi mandulo, nooAshera, zigcinwe kuyo, lisukela emva ixesha ukuyilwa of Christianity eRashiya.

indawo

Iziko yokwakha le Moscow yesicelo i Cathedral Square. Ezimbini ezibalaseleyo zesikhumbuzo zembali ibekwe ecaleni kwebala yayo. inxalenye South-ntshona square na Cathedral le Annunciation, nto leyo edla ngokuba igolide-angqukuva, yena bamiselwa egameni le Annunciation le Virgin. Itempile ngummeli eyodwa izakhiwo yamandulo, i perile ye yesicelo. Ukutyhubela imbali elide ikhona, yakhiwa izihlandlo ezininzi, ezihonjiswe ummeli zonke elandelayo ohlanga, kodwa ayikhange baphulukana njongo ephambili kunye neefom ekuqaleni kusengaphambili. Ukuze ukujonga ukuba ngubani owakha Annunciation Cathedral le Moscow yesicelo, kufuneka uvule kwimbali indalo yayo. Kwakusazeka ukuba umlando imithombo ekupheleni XIV Cathedral sele likhona.

indaba

Ibandla ngamaplanga le Annunciation lwe data elingachazwanga yakhiwa ngo-1290. Ngokutsho legend, i-odolo ukwakhiwa wawiswa Prince noAndreya, unyana Aleksandra Nevskogo. Ngubani wakha Cathedral le Annunciation kwi kwinguqulelo yamaplanga original ayaziwa, kodwa ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIV kuvela kule fomu. Imfuneko ukubomeleza nokubuyiselwa ibandla kwavela emva kokuba Wanikelwa icon Byzantine "uKristu sacristy abamhlophe." It esidityaniswe kolu siganeko ikhankanya abhalwe kuqala isonto elizayo. Kwinguqulo mihla lolwakhiwo yokuqala akazange akwenze naluphi na ulwazi. Ubungakanani, umbhali kwezakhiwo, uhombiso ingaphakathi ingaphandle ibandla kuhlala imfihlelo ukuba ayikwazi zingavuthuluka. Ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIV iqala ulwakhiwo ibandla ilitye, apho kamva uba eyaziwa ngokuba Cathedral le Annunciation. History of the nangohlaziyo itempile kuhlangene nesikhulu; kwandule ke neentsapho yasebukhosini esalawula eRashiya.

ngekhulu XV

kokufa kwakhe ebandleni ilitye aveze Basil I (unyana ka nguDmitry Donskoy), nguye lowo wayalela ukuba ukubeka ecaweni kusapho njengenkosana. Imeko ephambili ingaba ulwakhiwo isondele emagumbini yokuhlala, ngoko ke Cathedral kwi Moscow yesicelo Annunciation baloo dolophu ekuthiwa itempile "kwiveranda." Ngowe-1405 wayepeyinta uhombiso langaphakathi yenziwa ngabapeyinti odumileyo Russian (F. Greek, A. Rublev). Ukwakheka lobume wadala, uyilo yayo ibonisa impembelelo isimbo yaseByzantium, nto leyo kakhulu ngenxa ukuyilwa ubuKristu kwelo xesha. Kwiminyaka 70 itempile ababekhonza ayitshintshanga yaye ngo-1483 yatshatyalaliswa ngokwemiyalelo Ivan III.

Ulwakhiwo yecawa

izakhiwo yesicelo update epheleleyo iqala ngo 1480. INkosana Moscow, Ivan III wamema iinkosi Italian ukusebenza, kodwa imeko ngokutsha yonke oluntsonkothileyo izakhiwo isimbo endala Russian. Ngubani wakha Cathedral le Annunciation? Ukususela zemihla ixesha abaninzi abamaziyo Eneneni, esithi itempile yakhiwa nabayili Russian. Ngokuba le misebenzi iyababandakanya le labazobi Pskov, ngubani ngoncedo iinkosi Moscow baye baqalisa ukwakha itempile 1984. Isiseko ongaphantsi omdala waba naye oko. E. Le ndlu yecawa shape efanayo njengoko endala.

umsebenzi onzima wema phambi kokuba iinkosi Russian, wayeza ukulingana kakuhle waya oluntsonkothileyo izakhiwo yesicelo itempile. Ukususela yeembali ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIV, unako nokuba ukufunda amagama abo wakha Cathedral le Annunciation eMoscow Abakhi evela Pskov Myshkin kunye Krivtsov. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe italente aba bantu, ngenxa yemigudu yazo, i-yesicelo ezikhuphile esinye isakhiwo elikhethekileyo ukufunxa imbali karhulumente ukutyhubela iinkulungwane yobomi yayo.

bokwakha

Ngowe-1489 ulwakhiwo yecawa uSolomon, wazimisa Metropolitan Gerontius. Iimpawu zazo idla ngokuba izithethe bobugcisa iinkosi eMoscow Pskov inokulandwa kwesi sakhiwo. Njengoko itempile pre-ezikhoyo, waba imilo isikwere kunye wayetshate kunye iintloko ezintathu. Kumbindi wagcinwa esi simiso ndisiphakamisileyo ayesahluka neendonga ngalinye Arch ephantsi. isakhiwo Cross-angqukuva Wayengqongwe amaziko nesigqubuthelo. inkqubo yenguqu libotshelelwe etempileni Izakhiwo zokuhlala le yesicelo ezintsonkothileyo. Apses (ivaliwe lokungahlangani isibingelelo encinane) yayimi phezu ngasempumalanga. Main (yenkolo) nokonyulwa nto ayikuthinteli ukusetyenziswa ngokoqobo, othwele Annunciation Cathedral of the yesicelo. Inkcazelo isibingelelo kwenza kube lula ukucinga ukuba kwigumbi elingaphantsi kufuneka igcinwe kaNondyebo kaRhulumente.

ukuqashwa

iindwalutho Grand, zandule zonke tsars Russian ayesebenzisa Annunciation Cathedral of the yesicelo njengoko ibandla ekufutshane apho. Yeyona zonke ngomthendeleko usapho (ubhaptizo, umtshato). Le ndlu yecawa waba nguyise wabo umlawuli Russia, wayesithi oko, wanceda ukulungiselela kunye nentando oluqinisekileyo, akwazi ukunika ingcebiso ukumkani kwiincoko ezinde. I Annunciation Church basigcina ixabiso amanene (yasebukhosini) usapho (ezingcwele, imifanekiso, esele abangcwele). Iinkosana yokuqala eMoscow ezigcinwe mali sayo. ummeli ngalinye ubukhosi elandelayo, wenyuka etroneni, ukuzama ukuphucula embindini yecawa, ukwenza imbonakalo yakhe into yabo, shiya isikhumbuzo ukuba inzala.

ngekhulu XVI

Ngubani wakha Cathedral le Annunciation, leyo esizibonayo namhlanje? Lo mbuzo olula, isakhiwo yayihlaziyiwe rhoqo ngokunxulumene imililo eMoscow kwaye isiphumo iimfazwe neziphithiphithi. Oku kutshintsha kakhulu ebalulekileyo imbonakalo etempileni kwenzeka ebudeni benkulungwane XVI. Vasily III ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe umthetho ukupeyinta itempile "zizityebi." Lo msebenzi umdla zabazobi best eRashiya (uTheodosius, Fedor Edikeev). Izisusa eziphambili esekelwe aye walilondoloza, kodwa umhombiso isonto apho kwaye awugqibe namatye anqabileyo. Inani uphahla landa ukuya ku-9 (isimboli Holy Virgin kubuKristu endala), nganye kuzo isale ngegolide, ngoko ke ivela ibe Zlatoverkh Cathedral. Umnyango esemazantsi umyalelo wakhe bujolise kuphela kusapho utyelelo yasebukhosini (njengenkosana), banikela apho amalizo ezinye emva kwenkonzo.

Ivan Grozny

Ngowe-1547 izakhiwo eMoscow kunye yesicelo enokuchatshazelwa kakhulu umlilo omkhulu. Cathedral le Annunciation kwakungekho ngaphandle, ngoko Ivan Grozny yayalela ukuba angachacha ngokupheleleyo (okanye isakhiwo). Ngowe-1564, lwakwakhiwa itempile, ayiqabe, zazihonjiswe ngaphezu phantsi uyise (Vasily III), ezikhanyayo. Bokwakhiwa Zazihonjiswe oqingqiweyo ze ilitye elimhlophe, leyo eyenzelwe yi iinkosi Italian. Unique ngokuba iingcango zobhedu sentsimbi ixesha, ihonjiswe ngegolide. Ku ngokuyinxenye ngokutsha iconostasis kunye igumbi epeyintwe, iindonga kunye nemihlathi etempileni. Uthunywe Ivana Groznogo ukuya Annunciation Cathedral siqhotyoshelwe evarandeni (Grozny), ngokunika oko, ibe yindawo apho ukumkani wabona intwasahlobo wokufa kwakhe.

imbali yanamhlanje

Wathabatha etroneni Romanov ubukhosi, nayo leyo igcinwe kwaye ihonjiswe Cathedral le Annunciation. Imbali kwalo okwalandela umzekelo sengqondo ngenyameko zonqulo Old Russian. Umonakalo nezibaluleke kakhulu ukuza ecaweni ngowe-1917, iqokobhe wabetha iyivaranda yamatyala, wabatshabalalisa Grozny, nto leyo eye awukabuyi. KwiBolsheviks ethutha ikomkhulu eMoscow wazibeka yesicelo yobunkokeli kweli lizwe. sites Unique zembali, ezenkolo bokwakha baba ingafikeleleki kubantu abaqhelekileyo. Urhulumente omtsha emva kwexesha elide iye wavula umnyango ukuya kumbindi wesixeko wembali, ukudala eMoscow yesicelo Museums. Annunciation Cathedral yasebenza kweso sikhundla de 1993. Namhlanje yenye yezona ndawo yamandulo Orthodox engcwele osebenza kummandla karhulumente wethu.

izakhiwo lwangoku

Cathedral le Annunciation yakhiwa kwiinkulungwane eziliqela. Okunene iqulathe izakhiwo eziliqela lamathuba ezahlukeneyo ehlanganisa kakuhle ngokwaneleyo ukwenza imbonakalo aziqhelileyo yomntu mihla le etempileni. Kwinkulungwane XVI yecawa ziqhotyoshelwe Izindlwana ezine, intloko nganye akathweswa sithsaba, kunye ezintathu izahluko Alithoba zokuhombisa. Isithuba elingaphakathi wayemfutshane ngesithomo, t. To. Le ndlu yecawa bujolise kuphela le grand (yokumkani) usapho. Indlela yokuyilwa sokwakha ingachazwa njengento Russian, izithethe Old baseByzantium. Ubume Dome ngokuncama kwezibane kudala ifuthe intshukumo ethe nkqo, ngendlela yomhombiso ingalandwa Pskov isikolo bokwakha (iintsika square, nezingqameko amadama). iinkosi eMoscow ebusweni iindonga yecawa kunye ezikumaziko ewebhu ifomu nebhanti bafaniswe. Annunciation Cathedral ukhetheke bokwakha kunye nokwakha imbali yayo.

iconostasis

Ukubunjwa elikhethekileyo ubudala collection, ibekwe kwimiqolo eziliqela (imiqolo). Icons XIV, XV, XVI iinkulungwane, izinto ezingcwele ezizodwa ubuKristu yamandulo thaca etempileni. Phakathi kwazo kukho imisebenzi Andreya Rubleva kunye Feofana Greka, zisekhona de imihla yethu. Icons ebonisa iziganeko zobomi bukaKristu, wadala ngenkulungwane XVI, imivuzo yabo yenziwa ukuze ezizodwa ngo-1896. Okumangalisayo iconostasis Annunciation Cathedral kukuba kuba okusindileyo indawo umfanekiso ukumkani ukuba ulawula ngexesha lekhefu elithile. Emva kokufa kwe icon kumkani kunye nomfanekiso wakhe yadluliselwa-zingelosi Cathedral sibekwe ilitye lesikhumbuzo.

yokudweba

Ezi sampuli ezindala ezizizo of esekelwe elahlekileyo imililo emifanekisweni isonto. ukupeyinta bale mihla iikopi zazo, oko kwenziwa ngokuthi amagcisa kwinkulungwane XVI, apho wazama ukugqithisa imibala, imilo kunye namabali ixabiso. Yintoni ayimangalisi kukuba kunye mibala emveli yebhayibhile ezindongeni, neengqameko, imiqolo ibonisa ubuso iinkosana Russian kunye zobulumko zamandulo, inika ilitye lesikhumbuzo unique afana Annunciation Cathedral of the yesicelo. EMoscow, Russia akanayo yamandulo ngakumbi iisampulu iitempile wasedongeni ebewenza. Le myuziyam izindlu imisebenzi yobugcisa yonqulo, leyo akukho analogue. Lo mfanekiso Annunciation bobabo uhlobo kakhulu yaye kunqabile iconography.