Ngexesha Yindibanisela iiprothini ababandakanyekayo ngokungqalileyo oko nezakhiwo iimolekyuli?

Protein - nto ibaluleke kakhulu kubalulekile ukuba naziphi na izinto eziphilayo. Bona inxaxheba zonke iinkqubo pathways zonke iiseli iibhloko zokwakha Amalungu nezihlunu zisebenzayo umqondiso iimolekyuli. Ngexesha Yindibanisela iiprothini ababandakanyeka ngqo kuthatha enzayim ezininzi, ngokunjalo organelles cell kunye isiqalo.

Amanyathelo protein amagama: Chemistry Biological

Indlela zeprotheyini neemolekyuli yokwakha inzima kakhulu kwaye ifuna inani elikhulu lezinto. Peptides yakhiwa molekyuli eziliqela asidi acid, kunye nenani labo yahluka kuluhlu olubanzi kakhulu.

ukusebenza ngendlela eyiyo kuxhomekeke Iprothini Ukumila kwemolekyuli, kwaye inani acid kunye nolandelelwano zawo ezichanekileyo peptide. Ulwazi malunga oku agcinwa ngokulandelelana DNA, kunye ukuphazamiseka yayo ngenxa yemfuza kunye nezinye izinto kungakhokelela ucimo lwe iiprothini zibalulekile kunye ukufa kweeseli.

Kubabela elo manyathelo alandelayo leeprothini kudibaniso kwiseli :

1. Ukubhalwa.

2. Broadcast.

Inyathelo One: Ukuloba

Ngexesha Yindibanisela iiprothini ababandakanyeka ngqo iimolekyuli asidi acid. DNA njengoko onalo lonke ulwazi mfuza enkhowudwa usebenzisa ulandelelwano yayo noshowo nucleotide le peptide ngayo kwixesha elizayo. Ukususela isiqalo codon (triplet) ukuya kwisitishi, ulwazi funda neprothini kwenye nucleic acid - RNA. Le molecule chain enye ikhutshelwa pores esiseleni nucleus kwi icytoplasm.

Ukuba inkqubo Ukuloba eukaryotic igcwele elakha, prokaryotes engekho lula peptide yokuqaphela. RNA, oluthi luqokelelane kwi chromosome esosulela ngokudluliselwa kwentsholongwane, ngoko luyasetyenzwa kwaye iqhotyoshelwe kule ribosomes.

Enzyme zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ukusekwa kunye Yindibanisela RNA kwi template DNA. Xa inkqubo protein amagama ababandakanyeka ngqo molekyuli ezifana njengemiba umbhalo, okanye TF. Oku uthotho ziiproteni ekhuthaza ukugeleza inkqubo ukufunda ulwazi oluvela kwi deoxyribonucleic acid.

Inyathelo lesibini: Broadcast

Xa RNA ungena kukho icytoplasm yeseli ukusuka undoqo, ingcaciso malunga nokuqulunqwa kwenqaku loVAVANYO peptide ukuze ifundwe izakhiwo ezizodwa. Ngexesha Yindibanisela iiprothini ngqo inxaxheba ribosomes - non-inwebu, izakhiwo sangqa ezincinane yakhiwa subunits ezimbini: ezinkulu nezincinane. RNA libekwe phakathi kwezi subunits ezimbini, ze emva koko uqala ukufunda ulwazi.

Codon i codon ngenxa yokwakha molekyuli protein elide uhlobo gun. Oku kuchazwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: kwisithuba mezhribosomalnom obekwe codon ezimbini kuphela ngoko nangoko. Xa omnye wabo sele ufunde, acid acid iqhaganyishelwe kule peptide, asibekeke ukusuka ribosome emngxunyeni ekhethekileyo ngohlobo uhlobo ngumsila wena. Oku kwenzeka njengoko emkhonweni lehla ukusuka umpu emva ukudubula.

Ngexesha Yindibanisela iiprothini ngqo amaqela inxaxheba XA izinto iiproteni, okanye esuthwini. Ngoncedo lwabo, polypeptide kuyondelelaniswe iqala codon ekuqaleni, nokuthe kwiimeko kakhulu methionine.

Kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye ukuba acid kuziswa iincwadi ribosomes ngu iziphathi ezikhethekileyo ebizwa tRNA okanye ukudluliselwa RNA. Ezi molekyuli babe elimile cloverleaf, kwaye ekupheleni leyo izibandakanya asidi acid, kwakunye ATP kunye neprothini ezikhethekileyo - aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. Konke oku complex kunye yenza i candelo inkcitho energy ukuhambisa iprotheyini noshowo ukuya ribosome uze uhlomele nge ibhondi peptide.

Yintoni nucleotides?

Nucleic - iqela oganikhi khompawundi ezo neeplastikhi. Ziqulethe uluhlu purine (adenine, guanine) kunye pyrimidine (thymine, cytosine, uracil) iziseko. Ulandelelwano ezi nucleotides limisela ulwazi olugcinwe kwi-DNA okanye RNA. Le nkcazelo ufunde kwi ribosomes ukuvelisa iiprothini, nangenxa lula ukuqaliswa kwemisebenzi zityunyuzwa ibe ezintathu nucleotide phantsi. triplet nganye buqonda asidi yayo acid, ezisa tRNA ukuya ribosome.

Yolungelelwaniso kweziyi ayo

Mitochondria kunye plastids babe isici esasenza - baye ezabo DNA zabo setyhula, loo chromosome yebhaktiriya ye gciwane. Nale organelle nucleic acid unokusebenzisa ngokwawo nokulungelelanisa uninzi lwabo iiproteni kwesakhiwo.

Noko ke, DNA ayo awugcinwanga iiproteni inkcazelo into eziyimfuneko ukuze inkqubo umbhalo kanye translation. Ezi peptides Abizelwa kwi ribosomes usebenzisa RNA hayi mitochondria kunye isiqalo. Ngenxa yoko dvumembrannye nezakhiwo akangaphandle ngokupheleleyo.

Indlela mitochondria kunye plastids baye bafumana DNA yabo? Kuthathwa ukuba ezi organelles niyinzala ka iintsholongwane. Bathi ke walahlekelwa intracellularly ukuzimela,, weza ne nucleic acid thunzi. Oku kubonisa ezifanayo DNA ayo kunye prokaryotes molecule efanayo.

isiphelo

Onke amanyathelo protein amagama enxulumene omnye komnye, yaye umsebenzi wabo ukwakha iimolekyuli peptide usebenzisa ulwazi olugcinwe asidi acid. Abadlali nangoko ayizozakhiwo ezifana njengabona bantu kunye ribosomes, kwaye ezinye iiprothini ezizodwa.

Xa prokaryotes, inkqubo peptides kuyondelelaniswe ithatha indawo kakhulu ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokuba kuswela nucleus. RNA, nto leyo yayishicilelwe kwi matrix iDNA ziibhakteriya, ngoko izibandakanya ribosomes, uze kwangaxeshanye kokungcola nayo yasasazwa.