Network nge cala earthed. oyicinezelayo intambo. isisekelo zombane

ubomi Modern kwabantu, intuthuzelo yayo nokunika yonke kuyimfuneko, zizinto ezingenakwahlulwa kunye nombane. Enkosi kuye, loo mntu unalo iindlela zokuphila namathuba ukuphembelela amandla endalo ukuze ukufumana inzuzo enkulu ebomini bakho. Kodwa eninzi pluses, nto leyo eye umbane, kwaye kukho thabatha omkhulu - izixhobo kunye nezixhobo ephelisa kunye nokuvelisa umbane, kukho isoyikiso kubomi babantu, ukuba anithanga ngqo imithetho ukusetyenziswa kwazo.

iimfuneko zombane kunye nokhuseleko yokuhlelwa

Imiba ephambili eziphembelela ngesidanga engozini ubomi babantu kufakelo nawuphi na uhlobo zezi:

• uxinzelelo;
• uhlobo isisekelo cala;
• ixabiso closable ekhoyo phezu komhlaba;
• iindawo ukwambathisa, apho uhamba khona;
• kweelana umzimba womntu;
• kweelana komhlaba (umhlaba) kwindawo yombane yangoku.

Ukuqalisa evela kule mithombo ezisisiseko "Regulation of izixhobo zombane" (RB) ezikhoyo, zonke izicwangciso yahlulwe yaba ziindidi ezine.

Eyokuqala ibandakanya ukufakelwa sombane earthed cala ukusebenza 220 kV nangaphezulu, kunye ne nisekelwe cala ngempumelelo - isilinganisi-110 ukuya-220 kV. Ngempumelelo nisekelwe-cala yi isekethi apho wesiphaluka yangoku umda emhlabeni, loo nto iquka iintlobo ezahlukeneyo resistances (esebenzayo, lovukelo non-linear) kwaye lusekelwe cala.

Eyesibini iqulathe ufakelo, leyo usebenzisa cala ekwanti okanye resonant earthed nge resistors zayo arc ingcinezelo kunye zamandla abasebenza networks, amandla ombane ayi we ukususela nge-3 35 kV.

Iinkqubo zombane wesithathu usebenzisa inethiwekhi kunye cala emhlabeni, kwaye ombane ivela 110 ukuya 600 V. Kwezi zityalo, nemisinga nandzu komhlaba kufuneka izixa ezikhulu.

Uhlobo lwesine luquka systems cala zodwa, esebenza uthungelwano ukuya ku-1 kV. Ezinjalo izityalo ezo zibe umhlaba nandzu current encinane.

ukusebenza Safe ufakelo zombane

Ngokupheleleyo ukuphelisa izinto ezisongela impilo kunye nobomi babantu abasebenza ufakelo zombane, akunakwenzeka, ngenxa yokuba imvelaphi yendalo. Kodwa ukunciphisa kubo, ukuba benze umsebenzi kwi ziiyunithi ekhuselekileyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka nje kuphela kodwa kuyimfuneko. Ukuze benze oku, lonke ulondolozo kunye nokusebenza kofakelo zombane ilawulwa yingqokelela olunye imithetho nemimiselo, "Imithetho Ufakelo Electrical" (PUE). Enye yeemfuno ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezi æ kukho earthing ibakhusela ufakelo zombane. Yiyo le mfuneko kwaye kuya kuxoxwa ngazo kweli nqaku zolwimi ngokunzulu.

umhlaba zothintelo wenzelwe ukukhusela abasebenzi abasebenza nokuxhasa ezi nofakelo kunye nothungelwano, kwakunye abasebenzisi umbane ukuyisebenzisa kwizixhobo ekhaya kunye nezixhobo. Ukunika indawo yokhuselo? ukhuseleko Human xa qha ngempazamo iinxalenye yenkcenkce zombane non-conductive, kodwa babe ubomi ngenxa yokuwa zokwambathisa phantsi yokothuka.

Oko lihlala kwi yombane?

Iimfuno kunye nezikhokelo xa usebenzisa umhlaba zokhuseleko, ziqukaniswe ngaphantsi uxwebhu olawula owodwa nokuchaza emgangathweni yonke inkqubo - GOST. Isisekelo ukhusela abasebenzi kunye nabathengi ugesi, wenziwa ngqongqo ngokuhambelana neemfuno ze-EMP kunye nomgangatho karhulumente afanelekileyo. Zokhuseleko umhlaba Electrical inika uqhagamshelwano lombane iinxalenye ezibengezelayo Ufakelo zombane emhlabeni, kodwa ukunqongophala kwayo - isikhokelo, ingena emhlabeni. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba abo iindawo zeenkqubo nisekelwe ukuba usaba naluphi na ukhuselo.

Ngenxa yoko, nisekelwe housings ezibengezelayo izixhobo zombane, izithuthi, oomatshini, iibhokisi intambo, zalapho izibane, itshintshela kunye neziseko, kwakunye iintonga intambo kunye ngcingo.

iinkqubo ezikhoyo nozinzo zombane

inkqubo Electrical earthing olukhuselayo azimisele zisekelwe iimpawu umthombo wamandla ezifana an cala earthed, cala qelele. Kukho iindlela ezintathu ezisisiseko saphuhliswa yi-International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC): TN, IT and TT. Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha.

TN system kunye ezisezantsi yayo

Systems kunye cala earthed, apho iinxalenye yenkcenkce ufakelo oxhulumene kwi kwiqanda cala nge ababhexeshi isiseko kukho iqela TN. Ngenxa yoko, eli qela abe iqelana indlela bokwakha usebenzisa zero ukubana kunye uvikele abaqhubi. Ngoko ke, ukuba ezi abaqhubi adityaniswa umqhubi enye kuwo ubude esezantsi network luchazwa TN-C. Le nkqubo endala Soviet. Ukuba zokuzikhusela ukusebenza cala elungelelaniswe kuphela kwicandelo wesekethe iqala umthombo wamandla (kwisikhululo sombane), ngoko ke indlela esezantsi TN-CS. Kaloku, kwimeko apho umqhubi cala kwaye ibakhusela ezahlulwa iingcingo ezahlukeneyo lonke web, le esezantsi luchazwa TN-S. Kucingwa Kungangcono ukuba ukhuseleko ngokupheleleyo ufakelo.

IT and TT

Inkqubo apho ongekho earthing cala okanye esekwe isisekelo resonant, zibonakaliswe njenge IT. Kwinkqubo ezinjalo, nisekelwe iinxalenye ezibengezelayo zombane ngamnye, elidityaniswe kwizixhobo nozinzo.

System ne earthed cala, apho amalungu metal kwezixhobo zombane nisekelwe usebenzisa, onganxulumananga nangayiphi na indlela umthombo wamandla ingongoma cala, zibonakaliswe TT yaye zisetyenziswa kuphela izakhiwo mobile. Kwezinye iimeko, le nkqubo ifuna ukusetyenziswa izixhobo intsalela yangoku.

Earthing

Ngokutsho æ ukukhusela abantu yombane eziyingozi kusetyenziswa yesekethe isiseko enyusiweyo yi iindawo ngombane yokungena zesityalo, kwakheka ngezinto conductive kwaye zigqunyiwe ukusuka kwiindawo ubomi emhlabeni. Ngenxa yoko, umhlaba electrode senziwe umqhubi yesinyithi kokuba conductivity elungileyo zombane kunye indawo enkulu qha kunye lomhlaba. Bonke kunye - kwaye iingcingo earthing ngombane nokuxhuma iinxalenye yombane isixhobo nozinzo.

Ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo yangoku kusetyenziswa kufakelo yombane ukuya ku-1000 V zisetyenziswe scheme isiseko kunye earthed cala okanye bodwa (alternating current) okanye igqunyiwe earthed ingongoma eliphakathi (DC). umthombo wamandla cala (generator okanye sombane) kukho earthed xa elidityaniswe ngqo uqhagamshelwano emhlabeni kunye cala ekwanti nguye has akukho okanye ambaxa kubo edityaniswe ngokusebenzisa kwisixhobo kunye ukuxhathisa enkulu.

Iintlobo kwezixhobo nozinzo

Isisekelo yahlulwe iintlobo ezimbini: iisoyi kunye zendalo. Uhlobo lokuqala izakhiwo yomhlaba kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa izinto ezahlukeneyo zesinyithi. Babe iikona, iintonga kunye neetyhubhu ukuba ubude hayi ngaphantsi kwe ezibini nesiqingatha kunye bamngcwaba (transfixed) emhlabeni. Phakathi kwabo banamathele iziqwengana zentsimbi okanye iinxalenye wire metal - intonga - ubudeki enkulu (ubuncinane 8-10 mm) ngokuthi ukuwelda. abaqhubi Ukuyincula isenokuba ebuntsimbi, okanye nemivalo yobhedu kwakunye iinyanda ucingo sobhedu iinxalenye ukusukelwa okanye nokudibanisa iintsimbi wombane, okanye bolting.

Uhlobo lwesibini lubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwezakhiwo emhlabeni njengoko isisekelo kwezakhiwo ezenziwe ngentsimbi kwaye ngokukhuselekileyo idityaniswe emhlabeni. Zonke izakhiwo eziphathekayo kufuneka ezinga- ngenxa kuqhotyoshelwe abaqhubi nozinzo. Kulo mzekelo, izinikezeli isiseko zibe yinto enzima ababhexeshi ezisetyenziswa emhlabeni yokufakelwa electrode.

Enye imbono yokuba isixhobo isiseko uthi shwaka. Olu hlobo lonxibelelwano yokhuselo umhlaba uyazimela iindawo wombane cala yangoku emhlabeni nge umqhubi cala. Le nokunyamalala inika nasisihlo tyala ngexesha na isigaba wesiphaluka ukuya kwisixhobo, kwaye ivumela asibambe uqhekeke izixhobo ngakumbi kakuhle zokhuselo.

Iimfuno izixhobo nozinzo

Zonke izixhobo ezisetyenziselwa isiseko kufuneka athobele imiqathango emiselwe yi kwemimiselo yokwakha karhulumente kunye neekhowudi. umsebenzi wabo - ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabantu, ukhuselo ufakelo zombane kunye neendlela zokusebenza.

Xa kungekho tyala liya udibaniso uthotho iindawo eziliqela earthing zombane abaqhubi - ilungu ngalinye kufuneka ihlangane enye kuphela cable isiseko ukuba ubukhulu icandelo ongekho ngaphantsi emnqamlezweni ngaphezu wathi e RB. abaqhubi isisekelo obekwe ezikhuselweyo ekuhleni ukusuka umhlwa imibala emnyama.

isimo lobuchwepheshe oyicinezelayo izixhobo kwanokuyincula ukuqinisekiswa kwenziwa uhlolo ngeliso lenyama inxalenye ebonakalayo ifowuni yakho uhlolo yokuvula buso yaye umlinganiselo parameters zomhlaba kumhlaba isixhobo. Inxalenye ebonakalayo ifowuni kuhlolwa kanye qho emva kweenyanga ezintandathu.

Iimfuneko iikhompawundi zokuzikhusela nezinikezeli nozinzo

Bonke abaqhubi iikhompawundi earthing nozinzo yenziwa yi welding. Corps koomatshini zombane kunye nezixhobo, qha emhlabeni lusetyenziswayo wesiphaluka nozinzo, kwaye ixhasa imigca yomphakamo-ombane oxhulumene kwi ubethwe nozinzo umqhubi. abaqhubi Ukuyincula zenziwe imivalo yesinyithi okanye ubhedu ngokunjalo kweentambo zekopolo. Kwakhona, njengokuba umqhubi isiseko zingasetyenziswa intambo emhlabeni. Ukulungiselela le njongo isetyenziswa njenge ndixakene nabangatshatanga lobhedu engundoqo iintambo, icandelo umnqamlezo leyo evumela uqhagamshelo ephantsi-ukuxhathisa.

Resistance yomlinganiselo kwezixhobo nozinzo

Ukuqinisekisa kokuthotyelwa uxhathiso sangoku isisekelo imithetho nemimiselo emalunga imveliso, imilinganiselo zithathelwa yenkcaso ekhoyo. Ingxaki yale isikali ukumisela inkqubo isiseko ukumelana zikhukula therethrough indawo yangoku - ebizwa ngokuba ngoku ekusasazeni.

Imilinganiselo kwenziwe ngokungqinelana nemigangatho yokhuseleko efunekayo: prevention of kwisiphaluka elinye-lesigaba kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo siqu, kuquka iiglavu ubushushu kunye neebhutsi, kwakunye isixhobo bodwa.

Izixhobo izixhobo umlinganiselo ukumelana umhlaba

Isixhobo engundoqo, nto leyo ilinganisa uxhathiso kwaqhenqetha imisinga yi imitha IC-10 nozinzo. Esi sixhobo isebenza parameter ezintlanu yokulinganisa, nto leyo echaza ukusetyenziswa kwayo kabanzi. Uluhlu elinganiselwe ukungawi ukususela 0,01 ukuya 9,99 Ohm, bamlandela kuyehla 0.1-99.9 Ohm, 1-999 Ohm 0,01-9,99 isiqaqa. Luvukelo eliphezulu emiselwe kule fowuni, kukuba kuluhlu ukusuka milliohms-1 ukuya 999. Basenze kunye isixhobo esetyenziselwa imilinganiselo ezikude electrode zangoku kunye ombane.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba zeesekethe yokulinganisa kwibala going under imithetho engqongqo - izinikezeli uqhagamshelwano yesixhobo, ngokuyintloko electrode ngoku nokubanakho, ngoko kwisixhobo nowokugqibela - emhlabeni electrode.

Iindlela uyindawo

Ixabiso ukungawi endlala zangoku izixhobo ezahlukeneyo isiseko yahluka kwaye kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi ezifana uhlobo iinkqubo zombane, iimeko zomhlaba kwindawo ufakelo ufakelo; kananjalo wasebenzisa uhlobo kwisixhobo enjalo.

Inkqubo womlinganiselo iquka iindlela ezimbini, eboniswe kwi ulawulo lwezixhobo ekhoyo NGABA-10 xa umlinganiselo yokunganyangeki osezantsi. Ukuba kweelana ifowuni, ziboniswe yokundwendwela yayo ngaphezu ohms 5, kusetyenziswa ucingo ezintathu-wesekethe. Ukuba ixabiso na ngaphantsi kuneli xabiso - lisetyenziswa-wire ezine wesekethe.