Monument Ivanu Fedorovu eMoscow

Ingcamango yokuseka ilitye lesikhumbuzo Ivanu Fedorovu wazalwa ngo-1870. Kwafika phulo evela eMoscow Archaeological Society. Kulo nyaka owamiswayo All-Russia subscription, inzuzo apho kunikezelwa uphuhliso kunye nofakelo litye lesikhumbuzo. Ukutyhubela iminyaka 39, ngo-1909, ukuvulwa ozukileyo lesikhumbuzo.

ulwazi zembali

Uhlelo lokuqala eshicilelweyo wabonakala eRashiya, yomhla we-Matshi 1, 1564, kodwa ke waqala lo msebenzi elide phambi ukukhululwa ethi - Aprili 19, 1563. Igama lomntu Bayisungula ishishini yoshicilelo iminyaka emininzi yobomi bakhe - Moskovitin Ivan Fedorovich. Inzala yaziwa ngokuba nguvulindlela Ivan Fyodorov.

Biography Fedorov akenziwanga kufundwe ngokupheleleyo. Ngokukodwa, akukho inkcazelo enokuthenjwa imbonakalo yakhe, iinkcukacha ubomi zabucala. Noko ke, siyazi ukuba ixesha xa Ivan Fedorov abandakanyeke yazo, waba lokukhula ngokomoya - wakhonza umdikoni ecaweni kwi Moscow yesicelo, yaye waba phakathi kwabantu Metropolitan Macarius luqikelelo.

Ngaphambi koku, waphumelela Cracow University waza wawongwa isihloko Bachelor. Ngaloo maxesha imfundo yayigqalwa ezidumileyo kakhulu. Kukholelwa ukuba umfundi, Ivan Fedorov wadibana ubugcisa bokuprinta, leyo yaqanjwa uJohann Gutenberg.

inkcazelo imikrolo

Monument Ivanu Fedorovu ukhwele koseko ephantsi, oluqulathe umhla release okushicilela lokuqala le ncwadi. Kwakhona ubonisa uphawu 'uJ ". Yiloo nto inkosi wabonisa wonke umsebenzi wabo. Kwicala reverse kwinqwanqwa iqulethe ilayibhuli waluthathayo UYobi ukuya incwadi yokuqala epapashwe kwi-matshini.

Le Umfanekiso ubonisa inani labantu iimpahla ze inkosi. Ngenxa yokungabikho kwengcaciso malunga inkangeleko Ivana Fedorova, umntu kucinga ukuba bemeko- litye lesikhumbuzo emelwe emsebenzini wakhe umfanekiso ngokubanzi abantu Russian.

Esandleni sakhe sasekunene liya a master sheet enombono eprintiweyo. Isandla sakhe sasekhohlo uqhuba ibhodi - i-elementi umatshini wokushicilela.

Ababhali imikrolo

Ibali isixelela indlela ilitye lesikhumbuzo Ivanu Fedorovu e Moscow, ababhali-mbali ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa zitolikwe ngokwahlukileyo. Abanye babo bathi ukhuphiswano ukudala Umfanekiso yabhengezwa ngowe-1901, apho abaphumeleleyo aba wezakhiwo nomkroli Volnukhin Mashkov. Ezikuthandayo ingcamango ngoko amalungu labagwebi, ukuba amathuba yokuwina abanye abaviwa ashiywe.
Ngokutsho ayephila, amagcisa ezinqwenela ukuthatha inxaxheba kolu khuphiswano, apho ke kuyimfuneko ukwenza ilitye Ivanu Fedorovu, waba kakhulu. Balizisa iiprojekthi zabo kwiKomishoni nje kuphela utitshala omkhulu nabo, kodwa amagcisa abanobugcisa kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu.

Ukhetho indawo lesikhumbuzo eMoscow

Indawo apho kukho ilitye Ivanu Fedorovu, akukho zembali. Ekuqaleni, yena wayengekho kude Nikolskaya Street. Kwaba apho elisembindini Yoshicilelo House yokuqala. Printshop Mint ikhokelwe Ivan Fedorov.

Kwimeko yokuqala "Umpostile" yapapashwa apha. Esi siganeko fanele ukuya kunyaka 1563-1564. Ngokwembali, kwaba kwisitrato Nicholas bekusoloko ezininzi izithengisayo kunye iivenkile wecuba. Inxalenye esitratweni waza wabiza - "ncwadi".

Ngenkulungwane XX, ilitye lesikhumbuzo Ivanu Fedorovu eMoscow edlula kwiindawo ngeendawo izihlandlo eziliqela. izigqibo ezinjalo athathwe ngurhulumente ngokunxulumene utshintsho kwezopolitiko kubomi lizwe, okanye baye ezinxulumene nokwakhiwa zenzeka kule nxalenye ye dolophu.

capital Public yenza iingcebiso, ocacisa ukuba lesikhumbuzo Ivanu Fedorovu kufuneka uthathe indawo yawo efanelekileyo, edibene imbali yokushicilela eRashiya. Kwakhona exhasa isindululo mbali, nababingeleli bonke abo siyalixabisa imbali Russia.

Ibali litye lesikhumbuzo Ivanu Fedorovu kunye noogxa bakhe ukususela nayiphi sikhokelo ebudeni bokuhlala kwabo e Moscow, eqhuba ukhenketho kwezi sayithi lenkumbulo.

Yazo e Ukraine ne Lithuania

Iziganeko ngaloo minyaka yokuqala, xa wayehlala Ivan Fyodorov, zenzeka, ukuze yena ukuhlangula ngokuthi bakhe Petrom Mstislavtsem, kwanyanzeleka ukuba ushiye eMoscow. Oku kwakhokelwa kokutsha yendlu wokushicilela, leyo yatshatyalaliswa ngomlilo, nentshutshiso komsindo iinkosi bokushicilela yi-enumerators.

Okokuqala, Ivan Fedorov waya Lithuania, apho ke umsebenzi ubomi wakhe. Ezi ncwadi, leyo zashicilelwa apha abazange nokukhetha iinkolo kuphela, kodwa zemfundo. Enye loo ncwadi primer nokubhala.
Kamva, Ivan Fedorov bafudukela kwilizwe Ukrainian. Apha ke wavula eyakhe mshini wakhe wokushicilela waza wabeka ekuqaleni yokushicilela e Ukraine. Oku uhlelo lwesibini yakhululwa kushicelelo "uMpostile".

Disemba 5, 1583 Ivan Fyodorov kuphumla kooyise, waza wangcwatywa eLviv kwi odumileyo eSt Onufrievskom monastery.

Okumiselwe kulo mntu waziwayo kuphela uzuko nembeko. Kwafuneka ukunyamezela intshutshiso, intiyo yabantu, ubuhlwempu, ubuqhophololo. Kodwa zonke iimvavanyo zaye zoyiswe khorwiseka loku tiyeke hi theni of ubagwebele.

Ilifa of Ivan Fedorov

Ngoku waziwa iintlelo elinambini eziprintiweyo ngqo Ivanom Fedorovym. Bonke bephela ezi ezikhumbuzo zexabiso zobugcisa yoshicilelo kwaye ke impahla leyo ithi na indawo yalowo ivenkile.
Iindwendwe Museum angabona iifonti, noosiyazi watyhida izindlu wokushicilela wokuqala. Bona ngokucacileyo ukuba ufunde namhlanje. oonobumba abakhulu, abagcini bekhusi, aphela amaphepha iincwadi zahluka umsebenzi ukugwegweleza kunye noyilo ahlukahlukeneyo obungaqhelekanga.

Eyona iphambili olwahlula zonke iincwadi ezishicilelweyo Ivanom Fedorovym - kuba phambi kuzo kwintshayelelo kwaye avela kumshicileli. Ulwimi yale minxeba ilula kwaye kubonakala kubantu bonke. Ithi nje ukuba Ivan Fyodorov kwangaphambili - incwadi eshicilelweyo ikamva loluntu. Akazange ayithandabuze into yokuba isigidimi sakhe izakufundwa yi izizukulwana ezintsha.

inzalo ka memory

Monument ukuba ngoovulindlela Ivanu Fedorovu ayikho kuphela ikomkhulu laseRashiya. Lo mntu wamkhumbulayo kunye nakwamanye amazwe. iinkonzo zakhe eluntwini zinkulu, yaye abantu bayamoyika inkumbulo kuye. Monument Ivanu Fedorovu esekwe eLviv. Ukongeza, kukho imyuziyam yobugcisa iincwadi zamandulo Ukrainian. Eli ziko yenkcubeko ithiywe emva Ivan Fedorov.

Ngowe-1983 yi isigqibo UNESCO nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe ehlabathini jikelele sibhiyozela iminyaka engama-400 yokufa kwale ndoda ephawulekayo. Minyaka eMoscow encwadini ngeempahla. Njengenxalenye yale siganeko lusoloko ezicwangciselwe imisebenzi, apho ukukhumbula malunga ukufaneleka Ivan Fedorov kunye noogxa bakhe.