Montreux Convention on the Sea Black

Montreux Convention wabhekisela isivumelwano ekungenwe kumazwe aliqela ngowe-1936. Ngokutsho kwakhe, Turkey wazuza ulawulo ngokupheleleyo phezu okubandezeleka Bosporus kunye iDardanelles. It unetyala igama layo yeNgqungquthela isixeko Swiss ka Montreux, ayeba ngemvume yawo. Isivumelwano iqinisekisa sicatshulwa mahala iinqanawa ezithwala ngokusebenzisa kwiStraits loxolo. Kulo mzekelo, i-Convention Montreux umisela imiqathango ethile intshukumo ye iinqanawa. Ubukhulu becala bathi iintlanga non-Black Sea.

Izibonelelo weNkomfa yaba unobangela kwiimbambano ungquzulwano iminyaka emininzi. zaye becala ke enxulumene ukufikelela Navy eSoviet Union ukuya kuthi xhaxhe. Kamva, kwesi sivumelwano ngamazwe senze izilungiso ezithile, kodwa ke ihlala isebenza.

Inkomfa Lausanne

Convention of Montreux ngo-1936 yaba luvuthondaba ubhalo kuthotho kwizivumelwano ezenzelwe ukusombulula ebizwa ngokuba "Umbuzo kwiStraits." Umongo wale ngxaki elide-emi yaba kukunqongophala imvumelwano yamazwe ngamazwe malunga leliphi ilizwe kufuneka ukulawula indlela qhinga ukusuka kuLwandle Black ukuya kuthi xhaxhe. Ngowe-1923 isivumelwano esatyikitywa e Lausanne, apho demilitarize i iDardanelles nokuqinisekisa transit mahala iinkundla yoluntu kunye zomkhosi phantsi kweliso League of Nations.

Zinto zifuneka kuqala isivumelwano esitsha

Ukusekwa kolawulo zwilakhe e-Italy ngokunzulu xaka le meko. Turkey owoyika uMussolini izama ukusebenzisa unikezelo kwi kwiStraits ukwandisa amagunya alo liwanike mmandla Sea Black. Okokuqala ndlongo ngu Italy angaba kuxhomekeka eAnatolia.

Urhulumente Turkish ucele amazwe ezathatha inxaxheba wokutyikitywa kwesivumelwano e Lausanne, kunye nesiphakamiso ukubamba inkomfa ukuxoxa Ulawulo olutsha sicatshulwa leenqanawa ngokusebenzisa ezingxingongweni. Imfuneko yale nyathelo ngenxa utshintsho ukuzomelezela meko ngamazwe. Ngenxa yokulahlwa iSivumelwano Versailles iJamani olukhulu eYurophu. kumazwe amaninzi baba nomdla nokudalwa kweziqinisekiso zokhuseleko xa besengxakini qhinga.

Abathathi-nxaxheba zeNkomfa Lausanne basabela ubizo Turkey wagqiba ukuhlangabezana kwidolophu Swiss ka Montreux ukufikelela kwisivumelwano esitsha. Kuphela Italy zange amelwe iintetho. Le iqiniso ingcaciso elula: ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo wakhe expansionist wayengomnye ngezizathu ngokuququzelela le nkomfa.

Iingxoxo

ETurkey, iBritani kunye eSoviet Union neziphakamiso ejoliswe ukukhusela izinto zabo. United Kingdom bakhetha nokugcina uninzi nezithintelo. ESoviet Union inkxaso ingcamango kwisicatshulwa ngokupheleleyo free. Turkey ebizwa ngokuba yinkululeko wolawulo, ngaloo ndlela ezama ukuba abe ukulawula ezingxingongweni. Britain wazama ukuthintela ubukho kwi kwiMeditera, weenqanawa yiSoviet, angaba isoyikiso neendlela ebalulekileyo udibanisa ombaxa India.

ziqinisekiswe

Emva kwengxoxo ende, i-United Kingdom ivumile ukuba bakuthembe. ESoviet Union ikwazile ukufumana isiqabu kuLwandle Black ithi ezithile izithintelo nokuwela kwiStraits of iinqanawa. Kuhlaliswe le UK ukuba kubangelwa ngumnqweno ukuba ukuvumela Turkey ukuba abe njengehlakani uHitler okanye uMussolini. Montreux Convention on the Sea Black, ozinzisiweyo ngenxa bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kwinkomfa. Uxwebhu weza ukusebenza ngoNovemba 1936.

imithetho

Kwisicatshulwa Convention Montreux yohlulwe amanqaku 29. Isivumelwano uqinisekisa iimpahla zabarhwebi nasiphi na isizwe nenkululeko epheleleyo yeNavigeyishini kuyo ezingxingongweni loxolo. IKhomishini le uManyano Lwezizwe, unoxanduva lokuqinisekisa ukuthobela iSivumelwano Lausanne, kwayekwa. Turkey iphumelele ilungelo lokuthatha okubandezeleka phantsi kolawulo yaye ukuba uzivale zonke iinqanawa angaphandle xa kuthe yongquzulwano ngezixhobo.

imingcele

Montreux Convention sibonakala inani kwizithintelo ezithile eklasini kunye yeetoni of iinqanawa. amazwe Non-Black Sea banelungelo ucanda okubandezeleka kuphela iinqanawa kumphezulu encinane. yeetoni sabo setotali mayingagqithi iitoni 30,000. ukuhlala benani kweenqanawa kumanzi kwamagunya non-Black Sea ziintsuku ezingama-21.

I-Convention uvumela Turkey ukuba ithintele okanye ukuvumela lokuhambisa ngokwengqiqo yaso eyodwa, ukuba urhulumente ikholelwa ukuba ilizwe phantsi isisongelo semfazwe. Ngokuhambelana n. 5 indibano izithintelo Montreux kungachaphazela nayiphi na impahla karhulumente.

amalungelo

Sea Black States banelungelo kugqitha kwiStraits of ekulweni iinqanawa layo nayiphi na iklasi kunye yeetoni. Eyona nto ifunekayo ngenxa oku kukuba isaziso lorhulumente Turkish. inqaku 15-th weNkomfa Montreux kunika ithuba lokuba kula mazwe ngwenya zohambo.

Montreux Convention on nobume okubandezeleka zibonisa imeko-bume ngamazwe-imi- 30 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Ukunika amalungelo omkhulu ngakumbi amandla Sea Black waba wanivumela ukuba Turkey kunye eSoviet Union. la mazwe mabini kuphela ukuba inani elikhulu iinqanawa ezinkulu kulo mmandla.

imiphumela

I Montreux Convention of kwiStraits lanempembelelo yeSibini kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi. Nodlwengulo.Ithintela kakhulu ukukwazi ukuze kuthunyelwe ngamajoni kuLwandle Black for lwamaNazi Germany kunye namahlakani ayo. Kwanyanzeleka ukuba bakwazi ukuzixhobisa iinqanawa zabo zabarhwebi ndibacikide ukukhokela nge ezingxingongweni. Oku kwakhokelela ngezikhondo zamehlo ezinzulu lobuchule phakathi eTurkey Germany. Uqhankqalazo okuphindiweyo yiSoviet Union neBritani ezenzé Ankara ukuya ban iyonke nayiphi na intshukumo leenqanawa ungumrhanelwa ezingxingongweni.

indawo moot

Urhulumente Turkish uthi i-Convention akaphazanyiswa esi sicatshulwa ngokusebenzisa kwiStraits of abathwali moya. Kodwa ke eneneni, uxwebhu ayithethi ngokucacileyo ayikhankanye le. I-Convention umisela umda 15,000 tonnes ukuba amagunya Sea non-Black olunye umkhombe. Kweetoni ezifumaneka ngayo nayiphi na inkampani moya mihla mkhulu kuneli xabiso. Eli lungiselelo weNkomfa ngempumelelo uthintela non-Black Sea States kugqitha kwiStraits weenqanawa kolu hlobo.

Ukuchaza i yenethiwekhi moya kwisivumelwano laliqulunqwe kwi imi--30 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Ngelo xesha, moya i sikhephe zasetyenziselwa ngokuyintloko kwesimo evela emoyeni. I-Convention ithi ukuba ubukho kumgangatho elungiselelwe ngexesha elinye kunye moya kokwehla, akuthethi ngokuzenzekelayo Cazulula isitya njengomthuthi.

I-Sea Black ithi banelungelo kugqitha okubandezeleka imikhumbi nawuphi yeetoni. Nakuba kunjalo, isicelo weNkomfa ngokucacileyo bucala kwinani iimpahla ezakhiwe ngokuyintloko ngenxa buyo lwe Aviation yomkhosi.

sebenzo jikelele

ESoviet Union wafumana indlela yokoyisa lo ukuvalwa. Indlela yokuphuma imeko yaba ekudalweni ekuthiwa-abathwali moya. Ezi iinqanawa baxhotyiswa imijukujelwa weave ulwandle-based. Ubukho izixhobo kukothuka akumelanga bavunyelwe ukuba mabazihlele njengoko abathwali. Njengomgaqo, imijukujelwa ezinkulu-ukuvuleka obekwe kwi cruisers.

Oku kwenza eSoviet Union ukuba aqhube ngokukhululekileyo abathwali zawo kwiStraits ngokuthobela ngokupheleleyo amagatya Convention. Passage zithe gqolo wavalwa ngenxa yelo iklasi NATO iinqanawa yeetoni ngaphaya 15,000 tonnes. Turkey azikhethele ukwamkela eSoviet Union ilungelo lothutho abathwali moya. Uhlaziyo kweNkomfa wayengekho izilangazelelo Ankara, njengoko oku kunciphisa iqondo lolawulo ngapha ezingxingongweni.

Iinzame izilungiso

Njengangoku, uninzi nezibonelelo zesivumelwano ngezizwe sisebenza. Nangona kunjalo, i-Convention on rhoqo ukuba unobangela impikiswano enkulu kunye imbambano. Ngamaxesha athile lizama ubuyele imo ezingxingongweni.

Emva kokuphela Second World War eSoviet Union abhenela isindululo Turkey ukuba ukumisela ulawulo ngokudibeneyo phezu unikezelo elivela kuLwandle Black ukuya kuthi xhaxhe. Ankara uthe kwenqaba ngokuqinileyo. A lot yengcinezelo evela eSoviet Union nako ukufumana ukuba ukutshintsha indawo yayo. Kwavela ubudlelwane kunye eMoscow kuye kwabangela ukujongana ngezikhondo zamehlo ukupheliswa Turkey uqhuba nkqubo yobundilele. Ankara Kwanyanzeleka ukuba bafune namahlakani e-UK kunye US.

ulwaphulo-mthetho

I-Convention lithintela iinqanawa zamazwe non-Black Sea kwi ukuvuleka kwibhodi zokudubula apho idlula 203 mm. Xa 60s yenkulungwane lokugqibela ngokusebenzisa okubandezeleka lweminwe nezixhotyiswe imijukujelwa anti-ngwenya, US kwinkundla yomkhosi. Oku kuye kwabangela uqhankqalazo ukusuka eSoviet Union, ukususela zizicatshulwa iingalo ilingana 420 mm.

Noko ke, Turkey uthe akukho ukunyhashwa Convention Montreux. Ngokutsho urhulumente wayo, imijukujelwa ballistic bengengabo nemipu kwaye ezingaqukwanga isivumelwano. Kule minyaka ilishumi idluleyo ekulweni iinqanawa US ngokuphindaphindiweyo phula ixesha ubuninzi bahlalise kuLwandle Black, kodwa ke abameli Turkey abazange baqaphele na ukunyhashwa Convention.