Lwemostade: photo, nokulima, ukusetyenziswa, inkcazelo, microscopy

Enye bobulawu eshushu ephakamileyo kuthathwa lwemostade. Lungisa kube kakhulu nzima, kwaye woma ngokwaneleyo iimbewu asile ezinxitywa emanzini aze ongeze ubunzima idumbile ephantsi iviniga xi (apile okanye iwayini) kunye nobulawu ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nesinamon, ipepile, bay amagqabi, tarragon, iseleri, itswele kunye nekonofile.

Lwemostade, esetyenziswa nobobulawu ukupheka, kuvela iindidi ezintathu:

• White. Cuisine yemveli yaseNgilani ibizwa ngokuba IsiNgesi.
• Black. imbewu kuyo zisetyenziselwa ukulungisa Dijon lwemostade odumileyo. Kukho iindlela kwama-20 womgqomo le isinongo.
• Lwemostade, eYurophu oko ngakumbi ngokuqhelekileyo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Russian (ngakumbi yaye iza kuxutyushwa kwinqaku lethu).

incazelo

Lwemostade yi isityalo herbaceous yonyaka, efikelela kubude 40-100 cm, ngentonga, ingcambu buthathaka kakhulu. On nkqo eyayizalwa zinti amalungiselelo amagqabi esiqwini, kuncipha phezulu, lo gama kwiinkcukacha akwaliwanga yahlulwe kakhulu, yayinqamlela kunye petiole. Amagqabi asezantsi enye, petiolate, ngokuqhelekileyo lirovidnoperisto-lobed, eluhlaza, kwaye phezulu kakhulu - lonke, sessile, kodwa hayi amplexicaul kunye nombala oluhlaza.

Yokudubula lwemostade sarepstkoy - schetkovidnaya ibhrashi ukuba ngokukhawuleza iba elide kwithuba lokudubula kweentyatyambo. I-perianth ezine kwasekwa sepals wesikolo bebekwe ngokwahlukeneyo omnye, Corolla segolide-yellow kunye ezinamagqabi, ngokukhawuleza ukuvala kwi isikhonkwane. In lwemostade sarepstkoy - stamens 6, ezimbini kuzo zangaphandle elifutshane, a amadlala encinane yobusi esisekweni; phambi elide ezimbini, kukho iqhekeza enye enkulu yentsimbi. Le pistil iqulethe yamaqanda-kwisisu kunye nokubekwa amabala capitate.

Fruits lwemostade ngendlela kumgama owazisayo, zingcakacile, ubude pod sofele ukusuka mm-7 ukuya kwi-12. Ubukhulu be iimbewu - malunga 1 mm, umbala yabo ibe omnyama-esiluhlaza kunye brown okanye lipholi emthubi. Kweentyatyambo lwemostade na ngoMeyi, yaye ukuphuma amathupha iziqhamo - Juni.

Apho kufunyanwa?

Mustard absently lukhula Central Asia, kumantla eTshayina, eMongolia Southern eSiberia. Lo mzi-mveliso ifumaneka zombini kwindawo emathafeni, kwaye kumhlaba kufutshane neendlela ongenanto. Ukwahlula phakathi lokuzalwa esathathwa kunokuba nzima lwemostade. Isityalo Russian ezikhuphile ithuba wamngenisa imbewu iflakisi Lower iVolga namazimba, kodwa abahlali bakwazi ukuvavanya iimpawu zezityalo oleaginous, yaye baqalisa ukuba azibandakanye kulinywe yayo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le ndawo kuhlwayelwa phakathi oli kwindawo yesithathu kanye lwemostade sareptskaya (ukusetyenziswa, umgangatho kunye imichiza Ukwakhiwa zichaziwe ngokucacileyo kweli nqaku). Hayi kude elalini yokuqala eTsarfati oli lokusila lwemostade aboniswa ngo-1810.

Mustard: Microscopy

Xa imbewu, eyenziwa ulusu kunye umbungu phantse ayibuyiselwa inyama yesondlo okanye endosperm. Icandelo cross kunokubonwa cotyledons intsimbi yehashe kunye ingcambu imilo ngeenxa ezimbalwa.

Mustard (microscopy iya kuqinisekiswa) Wenziwe ziimaleko ezine. iiseli ezinkulu enemibala eziqulathe yencindi yenze zangaphandle, okanye sangaphandle. Oku kulandelwa iiseli enkulu kakhulu zibhityile Undibiyele, ukudumba kunye macerating kwaye phantse esiwa phantsi imbewu owomileyo.

Iiseli wesithathu, sclerenchyma umaleko na isakhiwo iimpawu kakhulu. On cross-icandelo bezibona ngamaza, elidityaniswe ngezidumbu olungalinganiyo, abantu ngokufanayo ukwanda, ngoko ukuhla. Oku kungenxa imbewu umphezulu eyenza.

iiseli Tangential side eziqulathe ngombala omdaka, benza umaleko yesine - ulusu walandela endosperm. Kodwa inyama umbungu imelwe iiseli ezingcakacileyo wayifu- equlethe okunamafutha oyile kunye aleurone iinkozo.

chemical ukubunjwa

imbewu lwemostade kuquka neeoli ezixabisekileyo kunye Allyl Mustard, potassium bisulfate kunye glycoside sinigrin zifunxe ukuba glucose phantsi enzyme kwempembelelo mirozina. Ukususela imbewu inegwele nibe senilungile lwemostade oyile kubalulekile ulwelo ngokusebenzisa umphunga. Ukubunjwa imveliso endibufumeneyo ekhoyo hayi ngaphezulu kwe-40% Allyl Mustard oyile kunye ukuya kwi-50% krotonilgorchichnogo kunye tsianallil, nentwana le carbon disulfide kunye dimethyl emanzini. Ukongeza, ziphawuleka phambi kwe-oyile oil okunamafutha slabovysyhayuschego lwemostade ethereal equka erucic, oleic, linoleic, legkotsenovoy, linolenic, myristic acid kunye behenic asidi, kunye neeproteni yencindi yomlomo. Amagqabi zesityalo iqulethe carotene, ascorbic acid, calcium ityuwa nesinyithi.

Mustard: ekhula

Isityalo ikhula kakuhle kumhlaba evakalala, otyebileyo yaye waba ngovo-ngovo, ukongeza, kufuneka ube nofikelelo kwelanga. lwemostade ekhuthazwa (inkcazo, microscopy, ukwakheka imichiza ezinikwe apha ngentla) imbewu luhlwayelwa emhlabeni evulekileyo ukuba intwasahlobo enqwenelekayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kuba ukulinywa kwezityalo ezikhethiweyo iindawo ezishushu.

Ukuhlwayela igqabi imbewu lwemostade wenziwa kwangethuba kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Kweentyatyambo izityalo kukuba ngoJuni nangoJulayi, kwakunye nabanye abameli entsapho khaphetshu. Xa i ohlwayela elisesifubeni lesinxibo ngaphambili ngamagqabi kuvela phambi ikhweyitha, imihla yonke, ukongeza, izithole ziya kukhuselwa ukusuka qongqothwane crucifer izenze.

Kuba lwemostade ekhula bekela ukukhetha iibhedi ezahlukeneyo, oko ekhula kakuhle kwaye phakathi kwemiqolo. Imbewu ifakwa ukuya kubunzulu engekho ngaphezulu kwe-1 cm. Kwathi kamsinya nje amagqabi yokuqala, izithole kufuneka lokuhlambulula ukwenzela ukuba umgama phakathi kwabo cm-5 ukuya kwi-8. Emva koko kufuneka ukutyebisa nitrogen isichumiso benika. Emva 20 kweentsuku lwemostade ubude egqitha 10-15 cm, kwaye zilungele ukusetyenziswa.

nezizalwane izityalo yesithethe ikhaphetshu, watercress, radish, theniphu, rutabaga, isithombo, udlwengulo, ebusika nasentlakohlaza oilseed udlwengulo. Oku kufuneka iqwalaselwe xa kucwangciswa kutyalwe imbewu. Ayifanelekile ezikhulayo iindawo lwemostade apho ngaphambili Wakhula begusha neflakisi imbewu ioli, amazimba, ujongilanga okanye beet.

Indlela ukuqokelela bathenge izinto zokwenza imveliso?

Lwemostade, okanye mandithi imbewu ilungele ukuvunwa xa babebuvuthelwe kutshona kwezisezantsi kwaye phakathi imidumba zezityalo, ngoko waqalisa ukufa amagqabi asezantsi.

ingca kuqala ukuba zome kwaye ngobunono ubhule usule imbewu. Baye ngoko alaqhenqetha umaleko obhityileyo kwi itreyi yaye ekugqibeleni loma kwindawo engena umoya kakuhle. Ukuze izinto engcono ekrwada iye ngumphunga, oko flip okanye inkathazeko.

Imbewu lwemostade womisa shift ezingxoweni ngelaphu. Ukugcina izinto ekrwada kucetyiswa esithubeni kwindawo engena umoya kwaye owomileyo, ukuthintela mustiness.

Impilo imbewu lwemostade - kweminyaka emi-2, ngoko zama ukusebenzisa ngeli xesha. Ukuba izinto ekrwada nangoku eseleyo, oko ufanele aphoswe ngaphandle. imbewu ezingahlawulwayo akukhuthazwa ukuba zisetyenziswe.

Mustard njenge sichumisi

Njengoko mass yezityalo entsha, ekufakweni emhlabeni ukuze ityetyiswe kunye nezinto eziphilayo zingasetyenziswa lwemostade. Umgquba oluhlaza:

• bakwazi nizihlahlele ezweni evela nokhula, ingakumbi kwimihlaba belima.
• Enkosi kwiipropati smart noCoceko likhusela ngokuchaseneyo imigca, wireworm kunye ertyisi moth, kuthintela imbonakalo ekupheleni nangembabala, kukujaduka kwi neetapile.
• Ngokukhawuleza kwandisa biomass, nto leyo kumhlaba zivuselela izondlo.
• Iphucula ubume bomhlaba. Iingcambu lwemostade, efikelela kubude leemitha 1.5-3, umhlaba waba ngovo-ngovo nikhulule olunika ukuxhathisa ukufuma obalaseleyo kunye vozduhoemkost.
• Ulibaziseko nitrogen kumhlaba kwaye luguqula nezinye izondlo kwi imveliso zomgquba, ngaphandle babavumele bangene umaleko enzulu.
• Phantsi impembelelo zesityalo ikhephu umgquba oluhlaza iguqulelwa kwi kufuma, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, ekwindla nasebusika ukukhusela umhlaba ngumkhenkce.

nohla- imihlobo

Kwirejista kwempumelelo ukufuya i-Russian Federation ezibhalisiweyo iintlobo 9 lwemostade, sivunyelwe ukusetyenziswa:

• Amabala - ivuthwa kusasa, amatikiti achazayo wesiqingatha-onabileyo elisesifubeni lesinxibo, efikelela kubude 25-28 cm ukusuka kokuhluma ukunika uhlaza runs ukusuka kwiintsuku 25 ukuya 30 ..
• Mustard volnushki. ukuvuthwa Technical kufika inyanga. Early ivuthwa iindidi kunye onabileyo kancinane, ezinkulu, ukwakha elisesifubeni lesinxibo ubukhulu ifikelela 25-32 cm. Mustard volnushki ukwanda ngokukhawuleza ubunzima eluhlaza.
• Arigato.
• Ladushka. ekuvuthweni Technical kuza emva kweentsuku 58-60.
• Mustang - eliphakathi-grade, ukuphakama izityalo ifikelela 25-27 cm.
• Sadko.
• Ubunono. Qokelela green Usenokuqalisa iintsuku 18-20 emva kokuhluma.
• Prima.
• Unamandla.

Ukusetyenziswa wasekhitshini

Mustard wafumana ukusetyenziswa ekuphekeni. Ukusuka kuvela relish enkulu, zwi ubumandi izitya ezininzi. lwemostade powder esetyenziswa kumalungiselelo eyemayonnaise, sauce ezahlukeneyo izinto zokubopha. Imbewu bamoya ukunika incasa ezikhethekileyo ayi kunye nezinye iimveliso.

ukutya okunkonkxiweyo, afefe umgubo lwemostade, ihlala ixesha elide. Icephe lwemostade ngokuqhelekileyo wakhonza esetyenziswa ukuncedisana ne-intlanzi kunye nenyama, kunye nokutshaya.

Okunamafutha lwemostade oli ngenxa ekhuhlangubeni elungileyo isetyenziswa kuphela xa upheka kodwa ekuvelisweni zikaFaro ezingumsebenzi womoji nemveliso okugcinwe. Ngokutsho abapheki kumazwe amaninzi, lo nesinongo kakhulu salads, bean izitya, inyama kunye sauce.

Lwemostade lomgubo yinxalenye imveliso yasekhaya of sauce, "Kuban", "Amateur" yaye "South". lwemostade Young imifino xa idityaniswe salads kuphela ityetyiswe nabo ivithamin C, kodwa inikeza Ubumandi.

Ezinye iinkalo ukusetyenziswa

Mustard ifumene isicelo kuphela yokupheka ekhayeni kodwa amayeza. Kudlula kwizityalo imbewu oyile zisetyenziselwa njengomkhuhlane, isifo inyumoniya ukudumba, luvo peripheral, unepleurisy, isifo samathambo, radiculitis kunye myositis.

oil cake lwemostade isetyenziswa njenge ekrwada zokufumana phytin, okuboniswe ngenxa yonyango neurasthenia, scrofula, hypotension kunye diathesis nemithambo eziphathekayo. iziphumo ezintle ezifunyenweyo xa namandla neziyobisi kunye nelahleko namdla.