Yintoni na ke ngoku- ka Meyerhold?

Phakathi abalawuli enkulu yemidlalo yeqonga igama Vsevoloda Emilevicha Meyerholda kumi noko ngaphandle. Mhlawumbi unobangela uzimisele ubuntu eyincwadi ngokugqithiseleyo eliqaqambileyo. Okanye abasemagunyeni eSoviet bazama retouch iimpazamo zakho uze uzame ukuba alingekhankanywa igama lomntu abanetalente ubani wadubula ngo-1940. Kodwa ke uphuhliso yeqonga, wenza umnikelo grand. Yenziwe ngu uMdali omkhulu kwenkqubo yoqeqesho yabo bonke abadlali bangena kubomi bemihla yemiboniso ebizwa ngokuba 'ngoku- of Meyerhold. "

Ukutshintsha amasiko

Vsevolod Meyerhold iphuhlise ngoku- - hayi nje enye kwiindlela ezininzi ezibalulekileyo yokuqeqesha umdlali, owabonakala ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini waza wafumana nophuhliso yayo imisebenzi ezihlangwini eziliqela kunye nabafundi. Ngokwemvelo yalo, ngoku- ka Meyerhold - yinkqubo entsonkothileyo yaye umdla zokudala, nto leyo ifanele icaciswe kwimeko ngokubanzi. Icandelo isithuba nimenze yesemantiki yokulungiselela umdlali xa kukho incarnations eziliqela. Omnye wabo inomdla ekusebenzeni ngqo zomatshini komzimba womntu - into evakalayo nenengqiqo nelindelekileyo. Enye ingxenye kufana nokuzama tyhala isakhelo zendalo, ukuphakamisa umgangatho zophuhliso, ukufezekisa ezifanelekileyo.

Le ndlela mbuso kakhulu eyaziwa ngokuba ngoku- ka Meyerhold, kukuba bemeko- bayo bakholelwa umsebenzi ekuchubekeni kunye nomlawuli kuphela wokulungiselela isigaba. Zonke umthwalo nangokweemvakalelo umdlalo ukuba yenziwe kudityenwe amaqela esebenzayo - umdlali kunye nabaphulaphuli.

Meyerhold (1874-1940): ibhayografi emfutshane

Akwenzeki ukuba ukuqonda ezona zinto zifuneka kuqala ye indlela yokwenza yi abangawazi ubomi umdali wayo. Wazalwa kwintsapho yamaKatolika Russified. Waye wayefundiswa Moscow yeqonga nomculo yesikolo (iklasi VI Nemirovich-Danchenko). Wayesebenza e Moscow Art Theatre yaye kamva amalungiselelo iqela yemiboniso in Kherson.

Ukususela 1905 wasebenza eMoscow. Ukuba abe ngumlawuli, ndiye ndabizwa K. S. Stanislavskim (Theatre Studio on Chef), yaye kamva V. F. Komissarzhevskoy (Schauspielhaus). Ngeli xesha, Meyerhold abaqalise inani midlalo ngendlela pre-zokomfuziselo - abalinganiswa azikho iimpawu ziye wafunda, kwaye isitya iyelenqe phantsi kwemiqathango ethile.

Ekuqaleni nenani 20 ibunjwe-ingqiqo a umbhali elitsha likaThixo, nto leyo eyaba ngamandla ukukhuthaza Meyerhold - ngoku-. Uqheliso kusetyenziswa ngexesha buzo, ivumela ukuba elungelelanisiweyo, umsebenzi ngobuchule eli qela abaculi. Le ndlela kwakungekho intsebenziswano phakathi ngamnye kunye nemeko yoluntu lonke. Yena wayefuna ukuba umzimba wenyama enhle collectivism. Wenza imithetho Unxibelelaniso kunye ngoku- wakhanyela isindululo kwihlabathi yangaphakathi ukuya kumboniso. Meyerhold wayekholelwa ukuba iimeko zokusingqongileyo okudlala indima ebonakalayo, yaye kubo oko kuyimfuneko ukunxibelelana neemvakalelo kunye kumboniseli hlabathi ngaphakathi zabalinganiswa. Esiqeqeshiweyo nomdlali-nqwelo, elingumnini isingqisho ofezekileyo ukulawula umzimba wakho - nantso into kwafuneka ukuba kumlawuli zokuqonda izicwangciso zakhe. Phezu ukuphunyezwa izimvo zabo zibe umlawuli inyathelo wayesebenza kude imihla yakhe yokugqibela.

NgoJuni 1939, V. E. Meyerhold wabanjwa yi NKVD ngezityholo zobuxoki. Phantsi nxaniso, waze wavuma ukuba umsebenzi anti-yiSoviet, kodwa kwixesha elizayo akwazi ukulahla ubungqina bakhe. Esi sivakalisi sisisiwa ezantsi February 1, 1940. Ngokugweba ngosuku olulandelayo. Ngowe-1955, Meyerhold yaye kwimeko yesiqhelo (kokufa).

Emva onodoli

nempembelelo enkulu kumsebenzi Meyerhold waba imisebenzi dramatist German kunye nombhali Heinrich von Kleist (1777-1811), ingakumbi isincoko yakhe yonopopi. Ababhali bakholelwa ukuba amathuba zabantu iingxaki azizimelanga zodwa geqe, kodwa zilawulwa yi amagunya awongamileyo. Bonke abantu ekuqondeni bakhe izidalwa iphaphethi kuphela, ongaphantsi kuThixo. Break le dibaniso kungakhokelela ekubeni ukukhutshwa loo mntu uze uyibuyisele kwi imeko epheleleyo ukuvumelana kwakudala. Nangona umbhali wavuma ukuba loo mcimbi ukuphehla chaos emangalisayo. Ngoku- of Meyerhold uxhomekeke kakhulu kwi imibono Kleist.

Umlawuli likwazile ukwenza inkqubo yoqeqesho, apho umdlali ndikwazi ukufikelela imfezeko, umzimba wakhe. Yiba zombini uMdali kunye nezinto ukulungiselela ukuphunyezwa, ulawulo kwaye ulawulwe zeplastiki layo - elo msebenzi mlonyeni a Theatrical ngoku- of Meyerhold.

Hayi kuphela Theatre

Ubuchule obubodwa abadlali zoqeqesho sele ilityalwe iminyaka emininzi yaye ayenziwanga kufundwe ziingcali. Oku kunokubonwa zezopolitiko intshutshiso zizizathu eyayikhapha loo mlawuli ubungqondi ekupheleni yobomi bakhe; ke uthe kaStalin, ngenxa elijikajikayo phandle ukuba uyathinjwa Meyerhold Theatre, ukumbamba kunye nokudubula ngoFebruwari 1940. Enyanisweni, oku namhla ngoku- ka Meyerhold ayikwazanga ukufikelela. Indlela itshayiwe ukususela kwimbali ngokusesikweni yeqonga, ngelo xesha, yanyamalala intetho yobungcali.

Ngaphandle declassification le-mpepha, bonke ubuqili ubuchule yokuqala walahleka 90. Ezinye iinkcukacha aye alondolozwa kuphela kwiincwadi zabafundi kunye nabalandeli ukuba xa umlawuli ubomi waya master yeklasi phezu ngoku- ka Meyerhold. Yena ngokwakhe kwiingxelo yakhe zange ashiye ukucaciswa imigaqo kunye neziseko kwinkqubo yayo, kwaye zisetyenziswa kule mihla iindlela ezisekelwe kuphela memory ngawakhe.

imiba yezentlalo

Impembelelo ye ngoku- kwimvisiswano malunga nokumiselwa ubugcisa kunye nokukhula ezinokwenzeka umdlali kaThixo yeyabahlali. Kodwa ayiphelelanga hono sayo. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba le nkqubo ixabiso yokuluka kuphela. Nangona Meyerhold zange ake aphume phambi isizathu kule nkundla, kodwa mna ndiyakholwa ukuba potential ngoku- elikhulu. Ukuze uqonde lo mbono, kuyimfuneko ukuba siqwalasele oko ngoku- ka Meyerhold, kwimeko yembali.

Le nkqubo wadalwa ngenxa experimenti mayibhekiswe neentlobo zemveli kumabala emidlalo: comedy dell'arte kunye yeqonga Japanese Kabuki. Kodwa ngexesha elifanayo njengobuchule wadalwa ngexesha xa Meyerhold inkxaso ngokupheleleyo iingcamango zobuKomanisi. Wayefuna indlela imidlalo lobugcisa ukugqithisa nje imbono ihlabathi umculi. Umzabalazo eklasini, imiba yezentlalo, ukudalwa uhlobo olutsha zabantu - ezi imiba Meyerhold. Ngoku- kunye ngokufutshane wamandla ibonisa iingcamango olululo ngexesha lakhe - ulawulo joint, umsebenzi ezihlangeneyo kunye nabanye. Kodwa akazange ayeke ukuba yingqondi ngengqiqo ubugcisa, uqeqesho kakhulu emzimbeni indlela kumabala emidlalo.

Ngoku- kunye sotsiomehanika

Ukuze uqonde ngokupheleleyo kakuhle inkqubo kuyimfuneko ukubuyela ixesha xa kuyilwa ngoku- of Meyerhold. Omnye abachasi bakhe baba ideologue eqaqambileyo revolution kunye Theatre A. entsha V. Lunacharsky - idrama umgxeki kunye bokuqala Abantu Commissar of Education of the Soviet Russia. Lowo udla ebaluleke yemifuniselo ngumlawuli, kodwa akholwa, ngokungathandabuzekiyo, umntu ngobuchule zinetalente yokuqala. Lunacharsky wazisa umba 'sotsiomehaniki "- isixokelelwano eyenzelwe ukufunda yobuntu kwindawo yayo yemvelo zentlalo kwaye ukudala imifanekiso yokwenene kweqonga lwanamhlanje.

Nangona umahluko obonakalayo phakathi kwezikolo ezibini, Meyerhold kakhulu ekuvunyelwene nogxa wakhe. Tshatisa izimvo zabo phezu umsebenzi kunye nenjongo zobugcisa. Bobabini bavuma ukuba eyona nto umntu esibonakala izigxina kunye nesikhundla ekuhlaleni, kunokuba umntu nje ngengqondo. Kwemisipha, kuphuhliswa Meyerhold, waba ngumfanekiso ye revolution eqongeni. I Ngqo ndiyicinge mission kumdlali le nkqubo.

Esuka kwindawo umbono zenzululwazi

Ngokusekelwe koko wabonakala uthumela ngoku- yangaphakathi Meyerhold? inkqubo Theatre uxhasiwe lusekelwe kulwazi, kude zisuswe iinkalo zobugcisa. Yabeka izifundo isiseko injineli American Frederick Taylor (1856-1915). imfundiso yakhe umbutho eyiyo yabasebenzi yasetyenziswa eqongeni. Ukuchaneka iintshukumo abadlali kunye ergonomics ziya kuzuza exercises kunye amaqela isiba kwi loop umdlalo: iinjongo, izenzo, ngayo. Lo mfanekiso ebonakalayo ngqo Taylor "umjikelo umsebenzi".

A Inani ulwazi olukwinqanaba ixesha babesebenzisa ngoku- ka Meyerhold. inkqubo olulandelenayo ukuqeqesha abadlali ezisekelwe psychology of Ivana Pavlova ophando (1849-1936), wasebenzisa umsebenzi V. M. Behtereva (1857-1927) kwinkalo ye Reflexology. Le nezengqondo hero lomdlalo njengoluhlu ikhaliphe ingalandwa ekuvelisweni lomdlalo "The Forest" A. N. Ostrovskogo: iimvakalelo uTshawe likaThixo kufakwe ukweqa. ukunyuka nganye entsha ngaphezu lover yangaphambili. Le iphambili umdlalo kwenzeka i Meyerhold Theatre ngo-1924.

ngoku- studio

Imizamo umlawuli Meyerhold ukufumana indawo efanelekileyo ukuze kuqeqeshwe inkqubo yabo zazibonakala naxa caricatures ezo minyaka. On omnye kubo ezine Meyerhold Ephethe zonke izakhiwo, nto leyo ukufikelela ukuya. Baba, kunye Alexandrinsky Theatre, kunye Suvorinsky kunye atelier apho wayefuna ukudala workshop yakhe. Ngenxa yoko, igumbi eyafunyanwayo kunye wangena imbali yeqonga njengoko Borodino Studio.

Ikharityhulam kwakukho iiklasi amanqindi, ukubiya, imithambo, umdaniso bamandulo mihla, ukucula, amagama, ukuzama. Ukongeza kule imbali yeqonga, ezoqoqosho, kunye eziphilayo wafundisa. Xa ucinga indlela ezahluke ngayo kwizifundo singakwazi ngokukhuselekileyo sithi ukuba ngoku- ka Meyerhold - umdlali inkqubo yoqeqesho ngokupheleleyo.

uhlobo entsha kumdlali

abadlali bakukhutshelwa phambili iimfuno zingqongqo. Babeza sibumbane eqongeni umdlalo weqonga kunye opera yaseTshayina, komnyhadala kunye iqhutywa-ukuhamba, imithambo kunye clownery. Ezi ziinjongo ezibekwe Meyerhold. Ngoku- ngokufutshane kwaye ngexesha elifutshane kusivumela ukuba kufikelelwe isiphumo ezinqwenelekayo. Ngenxa yakhe, ngamnye abadlali ababa rhoqo ukuphucula sikuzalise impahla indlela yakhe yokuthetha. Meyerhold wayekholelwa ukuba theatre ongabunyamezeliyo nokungakwazi, njalo ungxamile, kwaye ulunika ingqalelo kuphela langoku. Enkundleni nomdlali kufuneka imane ukuya namaxesha, kwaye inyanzelekile ukuba sifune lokulinga.

lokulinga

studio lwakhiwe kufuneka ibe sisiseko yokubonela esitsha yaye akazange athathe iingxaki zesikolo umdlali lowo. Injongo yawo ezahlukeneyo - ibe uhlobo oluthile lwegumbi kumabala emidlalo. Ngoku- Vsevoloda Meyerholda babefuna ukufunda iiplastiki zokubambela eqongeni intshukumo, improvisation kunye nokunamathela ngokungqongqo injongo kumlawuli wakhe.

amalinge Creative kwinkqubo entsha ayiphelelanga nje ukusebenza kunye abadlali. Ukuzoba oluvela nobuhle isekisi theatre Fairground, comedy dell'arte, umlawuli ngokutsha isithuba ingaphakathi. Wayinikela ngeziganeko kunye ukwahlulwa yeqonga neholo. Kuba abadlali kudale izakhiwo-ntathu metal, koko wathi "kumatshini mdlalo". Njengoko umzekeliso - ngokumisela umdlalo "Le Cuckold sikhulu" isekelwe F. uFernand Crommelynck (1886-1970). Enxibe abadlali ovaroli blue kudlalwa eqongeni ngaphandle ubuhle ejikelezwe yi izixhobo zemithambo. Ngamanye ngomdlalo platform multi-ukusetyenziswa, banikwe, iileli banikwe thina, ukudibanisa kunye nabaphulaphuli.

Lwalo practical

Enye ukuzilolonga ezicetyiswayo ngqo hit abafundi babo. "Tsibela apha esifubeni" - umthambo eyaziwa obonisa amathuba ezinikezelwa ngoku- ka V. E. Meyerholda. uphila elilula kuboniswa kanye kwisihloko. Enye abadlali bemi eqongeni, ukubeka unyawo omnye phambi kwe kwelinye pose static. Umfundi yesibini ubaleka phezulu kwaye utsiba ekunene nqakraza kuyo. Ngelo xesha ke ubeka imilenze yakhe baphikele emadolweni phambili kwaye ubamba entanyeni yeqabane. Umdlali wokuqala uyakwazi ukubamba ngezandla omnye okanye emibini imilenze ngezantsi amadolo ukutsiba.

Uhlalutyo yolu phando lubonisa indlela Kufuneka ulungelelaniswe emajukujukwini zombini abadlali. iintshukumo zawo kwaziswa automatism. ukugxuma amandla amandla kunye indlela yokusabela subordinated ngokupheleleyo ingqiqo collective umgomo yomlawuli. Ukongeza, ngamnye abadlali ukwenza imisebenzi yabo ngabanye ijoliswe ekufezekiseni yoko eqhelekileyo, ngokudibeneyo. Lowo umthwalo ezingundoqo mfundiso, wathwala ngoku- ka Vsevoloda Meyerholda.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha lethu,

Nangona iminyaka emine, inkqubo Meyerhold ngayo abadlali zoqeqesho sele andilahlekwanga isibheno yayo. Kuyinto nangoku umbandela ingxoxo kunye nokufunda ngezangqa kumabala emidlalo. Sinokuthi xa kwabonakala ngoku- ka V. E. Meyerholda kude ngaphambi kwexesha. Uninzi abafundi baye wendele inkqubo Vsevoloda Emilevicha e studio yayo, baba abadlali ezaziwayo-kakuhle nabalawuli. Imizamo yabo zokuyilwa inkosi eyaziwayo zidluliselwa kwizizukulwana ezilandelayo, nezokuziphatha aziphazamiseki ngexesha le shot esibulalayo, Wavakalisa iphazamisekile kwi zewayini of the Lubyanka ebusika ka-1940.