LweCaspian ithi: ikhadi umda. Leliphi ilizwe zihlanjwe kuLwandle lweCaspian?

De kube ngoku, ingxoxo-mpikiswano malunga nemeko oLwandle lweCaspian ufikile. Inyaniso yokuba, nakuba igama layo eqhelekileyo, kusesemini inkulu terminal chibi ehlabathini. Ulwandle wabizwa ngenxa iimpawu eye isakhiwo ezantsi. It ukhandwa uqweqwe yolwandle. Ukongeza, amanzi olwandle is. Kanye elwandle, kukho ngokufuthi izaqhwithi ofunda nje yimimoya enamandla ezikhulisela amaza aphezulu.

geography

I-Sea lweCaspian sise ekwahlukaneni kweendlela, iYurophu Asia. Xa ifomu, oko kusikhumbuza oonobumba be-alfabhethi - S. The Ukusuka ezantsi elwandle lasentla Wasolula ngenxa 1200 km, kwaye ukusuka empuma kuye entshona - ukusuka km 195 ukuya 435.

indawo oLwandle lweCaspian ayikho efanayo iimeko zayo ngokwasemzimbeni kunye neendawo. Kule uqhagamshelo ngayo ngokuqhelekileyo yahlulwe 3. Ezi ziquka North noMbindi naseMzantsi lweCaspian.

amazwe zaselunxwemeni

Leliphi ilizwe zihlanjwe kuLwandle lweCaspian? Kukho kuphela ezintlanu:

1. Russia, akhiwe ngasemntla-ntshona kunye nentshona. Unxweme yale karhulumente ngaselwandle lweCaspian yi km 695. Apha elise inxalenye Russia Kalmykia, Dagestan kunye ummandla Astrakhan.
2. Kazakhstan. Eli lizwe kuLwandle lweCaspian, ibekwe ngasempuma emntla-mpuma. Ubude unxweme yalo km 2320.
3. Turkmenistan. Imephu ye lweCaspian ithi ibonisa ukuba ilizwe lisendaweni kumzantsi-mpuma isitya samanzi. Ubude ekummandla umgca oselunxwemeni ngu-1200 km.
4. Azerbaijan. Le meko,, ehlaba ngaselwandle lweCaspian kwi 955 km, kumda Ugu emzantsi-ntshona.
5. Iran. Imephu ye lweCaspian ithi ibonisa ukuba ilizwe ukwakweli kunxweme olusemazantsi undrained Lake. Ubude kwemida yawo yaselwandle yi km 724.

LweCaspian - Sea?

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i-impikiswano ingasonjululwanga kubiza njani le umzimba elikhethekileyo amanzi. Kwaye ke impendulo yalo mbuzo ubalulekileyo. Inyaniso yokuba onke amazwe kwi lweCaspian uLwandle kunceda mmandla ngokwakhe. Nangona kunjalo, umbuzo kokwaba njani le umzimba elikhulu, oorhulumente ezintlanu akakwazi ukugweba ukuba ixesha elide. Impikiswano engundoqo wajika apha. OLwandle lweCaspian - kodwa nangoku ulwandle okanye echibini? Kwaye ke impendulo yalo mbuzo nomdla ngakumbi ukuba zejografi. Okokuqala kukho imfuneko abepolitiki na. Oku kungenxa ngokusetyenziswa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.

ithi lweCaspian ezifana Kazakhstan neRashiya, bakholelwa ukuba emideni yabo kulo mmandla Sendizihlambile ngaselwandle. Kule nkalo, abameli mazwe mabini kugxininisa isicelo ye-UN Convention, yamkelwa 1982, kumayelana umthetho olwandle. Izibonelelo kolu xwebhu ithi ukuba ithi wonxweme unikwa zone amanzi dvenadtsatimilnaya ecaleni layo imida. Ukongeza, eli lizwe unelungelo kwindawo esemanzini kwezoqoqosho. Kubhaliwe ibekwe kumgama ezimakhulu mabini neekhilomitha. Banelungelo kuRhulumente konxweme kwi ithala. Noko ke, nkqu ebanzi oLwandle lweCaspian onciphileyo amaxwebhu ngamazwe kude. Kulo mzekelo, umgaqo umgca udibaniso enokusetyenziswa. Kulo mzekelo, i lweCaspian ithi kunye nobungakanani inkulu imida yonxweme, uya kufumana intsimi ezinkulu zolwandle.

Iran kule nkalo ngokubona lowu. Amalungu ayo bakholelwa ukuba kuLwandle lweCaspian kufuneka yahlulwe kakuhle. Kule meko, onke amazwe ziya kufumana amabini ekhulwini kwintsimi zaselwandle. Isikhundla Tehran lweelwimi ukuqonda. Ngesi isisombululo, umba urhulumente uya kulawula indawo enkulu kunokuba ungumqobo elwandle i phakathi.

Noko ke, oLwandle lweCaspian iminyaka ngeminyaka utshintsho kakhulu umgangatho wayo amanzi. Akwenzeki ukuba ukujonga umgca ephakathi kwaye zahlule indawo ephakathi kwamazwe. amazwe Sea lweCaspian afana Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan naseRashiya asayina isivumelwano kunye namanye, esicacisa ezantsi ezo ndawo apho amaqela aya basebenzise amalungelo abo kwezoqoqosho. Ngoko ke, imimandla yomntla ulwandle wafikelela isgqibo ezithile ezingokomthetho. Amazwe asemazantsi Sea lweCaspian ukuba isigqibo yengcolileyo alikafiki. Ngelo xesha linye yokuba akukwazi sesenze izivumelwano abamelwane wasentla.

LweCaspian Sea - echibini?

Amarhamente le mbono isekelwe kwinto yokuba umzimba emanzini, sise ekwahlukaneni kweendlela, ka-Europe kunye Asia, luvalwe. Kulo mzekelo, akunakwenzeka ukuba asebenzise olu xwebhu kwi kwimigaqo yomthetho International Maritime. Abaxhasi lo mbono bakholelwa ukuba ukhwankqe kunene, ukuba wayebhekisela kwinto yokuba oLwandle lweCaspian akukho uxhulumaniso yendalo ne-World Ocean. Kodwa kuphakamisa enye ubunzima. Ukuba chibi noLwandle lweCaspian, phezu kwemida oko nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe kufuneka zichazwe kwi babeziindleko yawo amanzi? Ngelishwa, la maxwebhu nabangekafumani ziphuhlisiwe. Isibakala sokuba imibuzo dike ngamazwe naphi na kwaye akukho kuxoxwa.

LweCaspian Sea - umzimba elikhethekileyo amanzi?

Ngaphandle ukusuka ngentla kukho omnye, ingongoma yesithathu imbono kwi ubulungu kulo mzimba emangalisayo amanzi. Abalandeli bakhe banengcinga yokuba oLwandle lweCaspian kufuneka ingqalelo yi-isitya ngamanzi ngamazwe, endingowakhe ngokulinganayo kumazwe yayo yonke angabamelwane. Ngenxa yazo, izibonelelo le ngingqi kuxhomekeke ekubeni kusebenzisana lwamazwe angabamelwane kunye echibini.

imiba yokhuseleko

ithi lweCaspian ukuba benze zonke iinzame ukusombulula zonke iiyantlukwano ezikhoyo. Kwaye okuhle onokubonwa kule nkalo. Elinye lamanyathelo malunga nokusombulula iingxaki kwingingqi lweCaspian, yaba isivumelwano esatyikitywa 18.11.2010, phakathi kwamazwe onke amahlanu. Oku kunxulumene imiba yokusebenzisana kwisigaba sokhuseleko. Kolu xwebhu, amazwe bavumelana ilunga ukuphelisa ubunqolobi kummandla umsebenzi, ukuthutyeleziswa kweziyobisi, ukuthutyeleziswa, ukuzingela, okuxhaphaza imali, njalo njalo. D.

ukhuselo lokusingqongileyo

ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ihlawulwe nemiba yokusingqongileyo. Le ndawo enye apho lweCaspian States nakwamanye amazwe aphesheya - ummandla ongaphantsi isisongelo zongcoliseko mveliso. Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan kunye Azerbaijan kuwa zibe ngamanxuwa lweCaspian amanzi avela ukuhlola kunye nokuveliswa amandla. Kwaye kula mazwe kukho inani elikhulu imithombo yeoli ishiywe ukuba akukho kakubi ngenxa yokufelwa, kodwa qhubeka ukuba nempembelelo embi kokusingqongileyo. Yona Iran, oko icwangcisa kwakhona xa inkunkuma amanzi olwandle kwezolimo kunye nogutyulo. Russia esongela eziphilayo lommandla longcoliseko yoshishino. Oku kungenxa umsebenzi yezoqoqosho ezaqala ummandla iVolga.

amazwe Sea lweCaspian benze inkqubela ezithile xa sijamelene neengxaki zokusingqongileyo. Ngoko ke, ukususela 12.08.2007, le ngingqi sikhokelo amandla පිළිතුරු iimpendulo, esimisela injongo wokhuseleko oLwandle lweCaspian. Uxwebhu liphuhlise amalungiselelo ngokhuselo izibonelelo zebhayoloji kunye nolawulo izinto zabantu iziphumo kokusingqongileyo emanzini. Ngokwale පිළිතුරු iimpendulo, amaqela kufuneka banxibelelane ekuqhubeni imisebenzi ukuphucula imeko eziphilayo kuLwandle lweCaspian.

Ngo-2011 no-2012, onke amazwe amahlanu aye esayiniweyo kunye namanye amaxwebhu afanelekileyo ukuze kukhuselwe indalo esingqongileyo yaselwandle. Phakathi kwabo:

• Protocol on Intsebenziswano, Impendulo nokulungela engingqi phezu ukwenzeka amatyala, ekhokelela ungcoliseko oyile.
• Protocol enxulumene nokukhuselwa kulo mmandla ungcoliseko evela kwimithombo komhlaba-based.

mome Development

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ummandla lweCaspian into engekasonjululwa enye ingxaki. Noko ke, kungekabekwa yombhobho igesi Nabucco. Lo mbono kungumsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu nezicwangciso West kunye eUnited States, abaqhubekayo ukukhangela imithombo ye-eneji, ezinye ku Russian. Yiloo nto xa usebenza kulo mba amaqela ayisebenzi kumazwe afana Kazakhstan, Iran kwaye, kakade, Russian. Brussels ne Washington ingxelo Isetyenziswa kaMongameli waseTurkmenistan wenza in Baku kwi 18.11.2010, kwi-lenga iintloko zamazwe lweCaspian. Bona indawo esemthethweni Ashgabat zokwakha ngokuphathelele ezisendleleni yaphakanyiswa. abasemagunyeni Turkmen bakholelwa ukuba le projekthi kufuneka iphunyezwe. Ngelo xesha linye imvume yayo ulwakhiwo yombhobho kufuneka anikwe kuphela abo States, xa yemihlaba emazantsi apho uya khona. Nokuba Turkmenistan kunye Azerbaijan. Iran naseRussia baye bamchasa isikhundla kunye neprojekthi ngokwayo. Kulo mzekelo, baye ekhokelwa yi kukhuselo ecosystem oLwandle lweCaspian. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ukwakhiwa mbhobho akuxhomekekanga kuqhutywa ngenxa ukungavumelani kwe nxaxheba projekthi.

Ukuphunyezwa le ngqungquthela yokuqala

amazwe Sea lweCaspian ukuba isoloko ikhangela iindlela zokusombulula iingxaki ngokucinezela mmandla yaseYurophu. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, waququzelela intlanganiso eyodwa abameli babo. Ngenxa yoko, uyincopho yokuqala lweCaspian ithi Littoral yaqhutywa ngo-Apreli 2002. Le ndawo yaba Ashgabat. Noko ke, intlanganiso ayenelanga kulindelekileyo. Le ngqungquthela ingqalelo kungekho yakho ngenxa iimfuno Iran ngenxa kukwahlukana kummandla yolwandle ibe ngamaqhezu 5 alinganayo. Oku kuvele ngokuchaseneyo kwamanye amazwe. abameli ukulumela kwindawo yabo imbono ukuba ubungakanani bamanzi esizwe kufuneka ilingane ubude, leyo ngaselunxwemeni karhulumente.

Lilishwa le ngqungquthela waxhokonxa nempikiswano phakathi Ashgabat kunye Baku kubonelelo amasimi ezintathu oyile ibekwe embindini woLwandle lweCaspian. Ngenxa yoko, iintloko ithi ezintlanu abakhange liphuhlise ukuvumelana naluphi na yonke imiba ephakanyiswe. Noko ke, waqukumbela isivumelwano kubanjwe imbizo yesibini. Waye eya kubanjwa ngo-2003 Baku.

I lweCaspian summit yesibini

Nangona kukho izivumelwano ezikhoyo, ekuqhubeni intlanganiso ezicwangcisiweyo lahlehliselwa ngonyaka. Kule ntlanganiso yesibini iintloko lweCaspian ithi bahlanganisana kuphela 16.10.2007 Indawo waba Tehran. Intlanganiso kuxoxwe nemiba enxulumene kwenkcazo ubume yomthetho yequmrhu ekhethekileyo amanzi, nto leyo oLwandle lweCaspian. imida National ngaphakathi amanzi icandelo kuvunyelwene ekuqulunqweni kwindibano entsha. Kwakhona waphakamisa iinkxalabo ukukhuseleka, imvelo, ezoqoqosho kunye nentsebenziswano yamazwe zaselunxwemeni. Ukongeza, iziphumo zomsebenzi ziye kuthwa, apho urhulumente Le ngqungquthela yokuqala. E Tehran, abameli lithi ezintlanu ziye zachongwa iindlela intsebenziswano ngakumbi kule ngingqi.

Intlanganiso kwi Ngqungquthela Third

Kwakhona, intloko zamazwe lweCaspian badibana Baku 18.11.2010 Iziphumo ngqungquthela yaba wokutyikitywa kwesivumelwano ukwandisa imiba yokhuseleko intsebenziswano ngokuphathelele. Ngexesha lentlanganiso oko kwavezwa ukuba ezinye lizwe zihlanjwe kuLwandle lweCaspian, yaye kuphela kufuneka banike sibali-ubugrogrisi, ulwaphulo-mthetho bezizwe ngezizwe, ukwanda izixhobo, njalo-njalo. D.

ingqungquthela yesine

Kwakhona, i-lweCaspian ithi, avakalise inkxalabo yabo Astrakhan 29.09.2014 Kwintlanganiso abongameli amazwe amahlanu esayiniweyo enye ingxelo.

It wabhala kwicala kuphela ilungelo lamazwe yonxweme kwindawo lweCaspian imikhosi exhobileyo. Kodwa kwintlanganiso iwonga oLwandle lweCaspian ayikhange ekugqibeleni ayilungiswanga.