LSD - creator Albert Hofmann. LSD-25 alawulwa. imiphumela Psychological kunye neziphumo zokusetyenziswa LSD

Kule eSwitzerland, apho umoya crystal ecacileyo, cwaka engakholelekiyo, zodwa entlango aphilileyo, iphuma ngokweminyaka yakhe, umntu, kuqala kuhlelwe LSD.

UMdali ichiza phantsi kwengxoxo ehlabathini nguNjingalwazi Hofmann c ebuntwaneni wayefuna ukwazi uhlobo kunye nolwakhiwo mbandela. Uphando kwezityalo ezingamayeza, watsalela ingqalelo izinto psychoactive avelisa nemibono uhlobo imboni. indlela yakhe enkulu eyenziwe kwiminyaka engama-80 eyadlulayo, oko kubangele kwiminyaka 60 ihlabathi Koloni kule revolution Psychedelic.

Malunga-nzulu ngamnye

unjingalwazi ungayenza of chemistry phakathi ubuhle eyintombi ezintabeni wedwa, ukunxibelelana kunye nabamelwane kuphela-sikhokelo ahambela eqhelekileyo. Xa usapho lwam, uAlbert Hoffman kuphela owayehlala ukuya kule minyaka. Le ndoda endala zange asebenzise i uncedo ukuva, yaye akazange izibuko. Nangona imidala injalo bakhe, wathetha ngokucacileyo, ukuba ingqondo elibukhali, owayesoloko bencumile ngezandla ezishushu. imfuyo yakhe ukuba amalungiselelo ase- ezimnandi kunye echibini lokuqubha, iiloni Amathambeka.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, loo ayevile lokusinda Albert Hofmann ngokwakhe wathabatha LSD. Ngumdali kwezinto inakanwa neziyobisi, eyenza kube njalo. Kwaye ngexesha lokugqibela umphengululi esisuka uginye "ummangaliso ipilisi" kwiminyaka emithathu phambi kokufa kwakhe.

Le wemithi uqinisekile kwi amathuba ukufunyanwa wakhe, ekholelwa ukuba kwinkulungwane xxi, indalo yakhe iya kubaluleka kakhulu. Wayekholelwa ukuba zengqondo lwamva, ukusombulula puzzle engqiqo, ngokuyimfuneko athabathele kuye into naieffektivneyshee ukuba abantu abayijikayo lokuqonda koluntu, okt. E. LSD-25, kuhlanganiswa kubo.

Phakathi abaphengululi eyaziwayo bahlekisa Hofmann: nithi, ekhemesti wafuna unyango migraine, yenyuka siphethwe bonke abantu - a amachiza zokwenziwa nzima. Noko ke, kwakungekho ithuba phambi ...

Swiss, uphando kwakhe kwakhokelela ngendlela

Waba nomdla iipropati edume psychedelic zasetyenziswa yi aphakathi abaphilisi yiergot. Ngoko ke wabiza ngundo, sisidleleli phezu spikelets cereals. umsebenzi wabo yasekhemesti amagama wabona yiergot kweziyobisi analog, echaphazela ngqo luvo.

Albert Hofmann waqalisa ngophando lwakhe, olusekelwe phezu ezenzekayo ngaphambili. Phambi kwakhe, izazinzulu British bodwa bangadibani yiergot alkaloidosoderzhaschy ergotoxine iziyobisi. A abaphandi Rockefeller Institute waphumelela bucala isiseko, Ilapho sezakhi yiergot, esithi lysergic acid.

Albert Hofmann wacebisa ukuba ergotoxine iqulathe sezakhi ezahlukeneyo, uthabathe kubo enye kwenye, ukuba imveliso. Ngu abasabela avela acid lysergic ne-amoniya (amine) Isazinzulu ngo-1938 godu ngokulandelelana nokulungelelanisa ezi izinto. yesihlanu-amabini alkaloid wajika lysergic acid diethylamide. IsiJamani ukuba kwathiwa Lyserg-saure-diaethylamid okanye olufinyeziweyo - LSD. Wemithi wanika zezinto ezithile eziziphumo elabhoratri eyunivesithi waza wathabatha nezifundo up. Wayezimisele laboratory molekyuli ifomula iinkcukacha LSD kweziyobisi liphandisisiwe.

Feeling ukuba lokuqala leza LSD-25 elawulwa aluphumelelanga, Hoffman kwiminyaka emihlanu ukuya ukuqhuba uphando kwakhona. Noko ke, isigaba yokugqibela njini, kwanyanzeleka ukuba ayeke ngamava akhe. Isizathu sokuba oku isiphumo alkaloid emzimbeni, ebangela nemibono kunye nemifanekiso umbala. Soloko kakuhle ukuba amava izazinzulu babezibuza: Ingabe isizathu sokuba oku isixa owayeligqolo zenkqunto eqhotyoshelweyo iincam iminwe yakho?

ngosuku bike

Yaba April 19, 1943.

Yaba Yehlabathi II. Iphulo esibhakabhakeni ngexesha lemfazwe emoyeni ukulwa phezu Kuban wadlulela pilot eSoviet. E Warsaw, xa benikwa yamaYuda abantu akhwela ukuya edabini olungalinganiyo kunye wabasiki SS. amabutho aseMelika nelamaNgesi alwa e Tunisia. Ngelo xesha, a cala yaseYurophu ekhemesti lizwe Albert Hofmann wavelisa ukucikideka umdla ukuza kuthi ga ngoku nje oosonzululwazi ezimbalwa.

Le njingalwazi wachaza ukuqinisekiswa lweepropati alkaloid emangalisayo memoirs zakhe. Yaba amalinge yehlabathi yokuqala psychedelic.

Scientific wafumana micrograms 250 kubo kuhlelwe njengoko lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Ngumdali kwezinto psychedelic wabona ukuvela ixhala, igqwethwe okanye ezibonwayo, inxilile, wavakalisa iimpawu zomzimba.

Ifuthe kweziyobisi ngcembe ziyonyuka luvo. imiphumela zengqondo wabonakaliswa kwezithandani kwamaziko yokuthetha ebuchotsheni. uprofesa Assistant kuphawulwe lingakwazi ukuqulunqa ngokubumbeneyo iziphakamiso.

Ke Hoffmann ephelekwa ngoogxa waya ekhaya ngebhayisekile. Ugqirha wayevakalelwa kukuba kunzima ukuhamba, kodwa bahamba ngokukhawuleza. Olungqonge experimenter kwabonakala umfanekiso savuka of Salvador Dali: abahamba ngeenyawo, akazange phawula indlela lanyikima ihlabathi yaye ngokushiywa njengokwasesipilini ukutyhefa, kwaye izindlu ecaleni kube likhubazeke kunye eziba.

Depression, ibenza

Ekufikeni Professor wacela umncedisi wabiza ugqirha kwaye athathe ubisi ngummelwane wagqiba ekubeni buthathaka isiphumo ichiza. Ufike ugqirha ngaphandle abafundi inimba, akukho ezinye iimpawu komzimba yempembelelo LSD emzimbeni Hoffman waphawula. Ngelo xesha, iziphumo ngokwasengqondweni ezibonwayo waphazamiseka experimenter zincediswa bazisa umfazi ubisi Kwabonakala ke kuye igqwirha obufihlakeleyo ububi imaski nemibala eqaqambileyo.

Kwabonakala ke ukuba yena kobephethwe ziidemon, wabuya wadla ubomi nempahla yendlu yakhe ezisongela ubomi bakhe.

Emva koko, waphazamiseka kunye nokukhathazeka Hoffman bawela. Baye indawo imifanekiso ezimibala oqaqambileyo thaca ngokohlobo ahamba yobucukubhede kunye nezangqa elanda kuzo imithombo bebala. Nokuba ngamehlo ezivaliweyo yaqhubeka nokuthelekelela engaqhelekanga phantsi kwempembelelo LSD. UMdali ichiza yeyela iphupha karhulumente bolonwabo. Ukuvuka phezulu, uprofesa azive kwelo kuphawula okunika umdla: ngosuku olulandelayo ubukhali yayo yasemgceni iye yenyuka nge umyalelo.

Ifuthe psyche

Iimpawu ezibonakalayo kwezinto kuhlelwe Hoffman baphatheka ingathi yimimangaliso: kungekho nayiphi na incasa kunye nevumba yenza kube ezingabonakaliyo. Ukusebenzisa iglasi kunokuthi kubonwe ukuba isisombululo LSD crystallizes njengoko nonxantathu. Apha, mhlawumbi, nabo bonke.

Njengoko yaziwa, loo LSD ifomula molekyuli (lysergic acid diethylamide) kukuba le fomu C ₂₀ H ₂₅ N ₃ O.

iimpawu zayo unique amayeza uvumele amathamo okungenamsebenzi bandiqumbisayo nemibono ezibonwayo enamandla kwaye inemibalabala. Makhe ukuchaza indlela nokudaleka.

Kuthatha indima ebonakalayo iinkqubo ingqondo yomntu enxulumene kunye nokwenziwa kwe "ulonwabo ihomoni" (serotonin). Yokugqibela eyathi ebuchotsheni njengoko imfuno ukujongana ntshikilelo yabantu.

Kubume bayo, i-25 ithathwa njenge Hoffman indolalkilamin alkaloid, into efana serotonin. LSD -25, zingangeni emzimbeni womntu, "ukukopa" ii-ezifanelekileyo ebuchotsheni, ukuthatha fyabo Hoffman ngenxa yakhe "ulonwabo ihomoni 'yakhe. Ngolwimi iingcaphephe, kukho nempembelelo oluvuselela iziyobisi kwinkqubo umvuzo ebuchotsheni (receptors Kumnandi imbuyekezo noxinezeleko).

Iwonga Ayiphumelelanga iziyobisi

Izazinzulu e University Zurich baye bafunda iimpawu yokuqala Hoffman alkaloid kuhlelwe. Kwathi kanti, yabe zinetyhefu esezantsi kakhulu, t. E. Man phantse ayikwazanga kufa ngenxa libanda. (Le yokugqibela ingqinwa manani mihla: Ubukho balo amatyala onjalo ayikalungiswa iminyaka engama-70). izazinzulu ezithile ithamo ezinkulu LSD isithuba nje, ukuba amakhulukhulu amaxesha ngaphezulu kunesiqhelo.

Kuphethwa ukuba ukusebenza LSD umzimba isusela 1/3 ukuya kwisiqingatha ngosuku. Emva kweentsuku ezintathu emva kokufumana material kubhaliwe kwizondlo ngokupheleleyo emzimbeni, kwaye ubukho yayo ayenziwanga imikhondo ekhethiwe.

Uphando lufumanise: amachiza nzima azikho umntu iziyobisi kuye, yaye akukho siphumo empilweni yakhe. Kananjalo ayiboneleli ukubangela engqondweni.

Ngenxa yoku kulapha ngasentla, kuba phantse amabini eminyaka (de kube sekupheleni 60s) LSD zange yavalwa. Kule minyaka ingama-60, izazinzulu ziye zazama uncedo imphathe butywala, ntshikilelo lowukulu. Ukulungiselela le njongo thina wasebenzisa ipropati alkaloid - achukumisa reactions idala efanayo ye.

LSD kwi USSR

ESoviet Union asidi boom weza ngokutsha. Isiphumo sale chiza baye bafumana abameli ababini Bohemia ubugcisa: Barry Alebasov kunye Boris Grebenshchikov. Ngandlela ithuba inkokeli yeqela "Aquarium" wadala ingoma ngokucacileyo psychedelic "Phantsi isibhakabhaka esiluhlaza isixeko yegolide ..." Abaphulaphuli kuchaphazela ezimibalabala kwiCEMIS imifanekiso kulo.

Kudliwano-ndlebe kunye nezihandiba ye pop waxelela malunga umbono amakhonkco abebala kunye ahamba. Baqinisekisa ukuba uphantsi kweempembelelo LSD, unakho, ngaphandle ephawula iimoto, bezolile uwele indlela ephithizelayo.

Nantsi indlela umvelisi yangaphambili "Na-Na" ichaza indlela avakalelwa ngayo: "Gravity liyalahleka, abantu iphela, baphelela izinto, kunye nabantu ngokulula aphume ngefestile yesakhiwo ezikhulu, bengakholwa ukuba ndingabhabha."

Ekubeni LSD baqhuba iimvavanyo kunye ekhemisi Soviet ukuba zipapashwe. Udokotela Vladimir Pshizov wathi kubo esidlangalaleni. Kule minyaka ingama-60 oogxa bakhe abazange bangafuni nokuhlola yabantu. ugxa wakhe (musa alingekhankanywa igama) wazisa kongezwa LSD kumaqela amabini izigulane, ukusuka apho psychosis uvavanyo mandundu. Izinto ukuzithengela yaba isihloko ngenxa imiqingo yakhe.

Embi ku LSD

Ekupheleni kwale 60s urhulumente US uze namanye amazwe ziye umlomo na ukusetyenziswa ezingamashumi amabini anesihlanu alkaloid Hoffman: zonyango, yolonwabo, ngokomoya. Lysergic acid (LSD) luye lwaba ingozi ekuhlaleni ngenxa fashion phezu kwakhe.

Ngemihla iiBeatles «isipho Hoffman" zama ngokwakho malunga nezigidi ezibini baseMerika, yaba ichiza ixakayo ehlabathini. Abavelisi inkulu LSD, baseMerika Picard kunye Eperson zinika yonke umkhosi amahippie. Emva sokuwa kwabo kohluthwa nengeniso kwezixhobo iziyobisi lehla ngama-90% ehlabathini.

Kwiminyaka 60 ekukhuthazeni eziphambili LSD waba unjingalwazi wezengqondo Harvard Timoti Liri.

Abalandeli ebizwa "umbingeleli omkhulu." Kuye Waye umntu akuyo ngokwenene. Teacher ububele abafundi "elite" neziyobisi ngaphandle kuqala ibazise ngalo. Wagxothwa Harvard ne yayisothusa, kodwa amahippie bema ngokuqinileyo kuye, ecinga ngegorha. Timoti Liri waba ngumntu ihlazo; ngokuphindaphindiweyo ubanjiwe, wasaba.

Ekupheleni ubomi "Muprista Lonkulu", bengaqondanga, wenza koyena anti-ntengiso lysergic acid. Timoti Liri wenza live ukuzibulala, ukudlulisela kuye ukuba "kunqunyulwa intloko kunye ingqondo, ngumhlwa kunye LSD." Lo emehlweni siba yenza amashumi ezigidi ukwenyanya kunye ukwaliwa ichiza yabantu.

phambene mazinyatheliswe

Emva kwamashumi eminyaka emva kwendyebo yasekuqaleni kweminyaka ye imarike LSD le-60 lehle ngo izihlandlo ezilishumi. Nangona kunjalo, i "impahla yorhwebo ashushu" na lysergic asidi, nangemihla yethu. Wathengisa ngayo ngeedosi ezincinane (75 ukuya 250 mg) kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo:

• "Brand" okanye "kuzisula" (iphepha buzane isisombululo LSD);
• amagqabi gelatin;
• gel (isicelo kwesikhumba);
• tablets.

Kuyingozi kakhulu ukuthatha amachiza ngaphandle kokwazi ngeemilo yayo.

Phakathi abasebenzisi beziyobisi yamkelwe ukuyenza i "wosana" uluntu - umntu ohlala engqondweni yakhe okulungileyo behavior've ulungisa Uphinde wakhankanya alkaloid Hoffman 25.

Abantu abadumileyo LSD

Kuluntu lwanamhlanje akukho sengqondo uniform kwamamdla Swiss. Abalandeli Yiloo Psychedelic: "Ukuba akukho likhoboka, yintoni na eli chiza" Ngaphandle - kukho ukusetyenziswa kwayo ubukrelekrele kweziyobisi (imizekelo oku sele ngamagama).

Oku ngelithi ukuba lysergic acid (LSD) sisiyobisi okunene, kodwa ngokusemthethweni kuphela. (Le nyaniso balinqabisa UN Convention of 1971).

Zikhuthazwe ukuba semthethweni na ukuthintela sizathu Timoti Liri kuphela, wamncoma leNobel Peace Prize ezimbini Nobel kunye gurus ezimbini kwimpahla yentsimbi ye computer ne-software.

Kuyinto Francis Crick kunye emerlyn Mullis, kwakunye Bill Gates kunye Steve Jobs. Ngaphezu koko, ngokutsho yokugqibela, ukuhlola LSD ebomini bakhe "wayengomnye izinto ezintathu ezibalulekileyo."

isiphelo

Bokholo ye labanobuqokolo kweziyobisi. Kulungile ukuva kubemi bethu abaye kakhulu LSD nesiyobisi ngokwakhe. Ntoni kuthi?

Ngokutsho kwabo, imifanekiso eqaqambileyo yaye isixa phambi yokuba likhoboka leziyobisi ixesha elide 'uba imifuno, "iwela bayaphuma kwisingqi wobomi," liwa ngexesha. "

Xa uvuka emva kwedosi ngoLwesihlanu, ngoko kwiintsuku ezimbini umlinganiselo kwimibhobho Kwadlula, kwaye eyadini - ngoMvulo. Ngelo xesha, Kakade ke, akukho mbuzo alinakuba phezu kwimpilo yengqondo. Neziphumo zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ziba zibi: abantu abazifumana kwisibhedlele engqondweni.

Kufuneka sithobele isilumkiso laconic, ekhona kwiirivyu ezininzi babesakuba ngamakhoboka eziyobisi abemi nabo: "LSD kuzisa ingqondo!".